diff --git a/litellm/proxy/_experimental/mcp_server/mcp_server_manager.py b/litellm/proxy/_experimental/mcp_server/mcp_server_manager.py
index b66126490f5..6fd3e1786cb 100644
--- a/litellm/proxy/_experimental/mcp_server/mcp_server_manager.py
+++ b/litellm/proxy/_experimental/mcp_server/mcp_server_manager.py
@@ -321,7 +321,9 @@ _OAuthDiscoveryOutcome: TypeAlias = _OAuthDiscoveryResolved | _OAuthDiscoveryFai
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True, slots=True)
 class _ListHeaders:
-    upstream: dict[str, str] | None
+    upstream: (
+        dict[str, str] | None
+    )  # mutable-ok: relayed into MCPClient.extra_headers (dict[str, str]); built fresh per request, never mutated after hand-off
     signed_for_user: bool
     minted: frozenset[str] = frozenset()
 
@@ -4506,9 +4508,9 @@ class MCPServerManager:
         server: MCPServer,
         *,
         user_api_key_auth: UserAPIKeyAuth | None,
-        mcp_auth_header: str | dict[str, str] | None,
-        extra_headers: dict[str, str] | None,
-        raw_headers: dict[str, str] | None,
+        mcp_auth_header: str | Mapping[str, str] | None,
+        extra_headers: Mapping[str, str] | None,
+        raw_headers: Mapping[str, str] | None,
     ) -> _ListHeaders:
         """Listing stays best-effort on missing per-user env vars, and the JWT signer never overrides an
         Authorization already supplied by static headers, a per-user auth header, or extra_headers."""
diff --git a/litellm/proxy/_experimental/mcp_server/rest_endpoints.py b/litellm/proxy/_experimental/mcp_server/rest_endpoints.py
index 1f7cc29e7e2..2e6124cfc8d 100644
--- a/litellm/proxy/_experimental/mcp_server/rest_endpoints.py
+++ b/litellm/proxy/_experimental/mcp_server/rest_endpoints.py
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ if MCP_AVAILABLE:
         component gets a name distinct from the prompt-management ``Prompt`` request model."""
 
     class ListMCPPromptsRestAPIResponse(BaseModel):
-        prompts: list[MCPCatalogPrompt]
+        prompts: Sequence[MCPCatalogPrompt]
 
         @classmethod
         def from_prompts(cls, prompts: Sequence[Prompt]) -> "ListMCPPromptsRestAPIResponse":
@@ -238,16 +238,20 @@ if MCP_AVAILABLE:
             )
 
     class ListMCPResourcesRestAPIResponse(BaseModel):
-        resources: list[Resource]
-        resource_templates: list[ResourceTemplate]
+        resources: Sequence[Resource]
+        resource_templates: Sequence[ResourceTemplate]
 
     @dataclass(frozen=True, slots=True)
     class _CatalogServerContext:
         server: MCPServer
         user_api_key_dict: UserAPIKeyAuth
-        mcp_auth_header: dict[str, str] | str | None
-        extra_headers: dict[str, str] | None
-        raw_headers: dict[str, str]
+        mcp_auth_header: (
+            dict[str, str] | str | None
+        )  # mutable-ok: relayed verbatim into dict-typed auth-resolution params on the manager
+        extra_headers: (
+            dict[str, str] | None
+        )  # mutable-ok: relayed to dict-typed manager params; read-only on this object
+        raw_headers: dict[str, str]  # mutable-ok: relayed to dict-typed manager params; read-only on this object
 
     ########################################################
     ############ MCP Server REST API Routes #################
diff --git a/litellm/proxy/guardrails/guardrail_hooks/mcp_jwt_signer/mcp_jwt_signer.py b/litellm/proxy/guardrails/guardrail_hooks/mcp_jwt_signer/mcp_jwt_signer.py
index a269ad31a6b..09dde1a3a45 100644
--- a/litellm/proxy/guardrails/guardrail_hooks/mcp_jwt_signer/mcp_jwt_signer.py
+++ b/litellm/proxy/guardrails/guardrail_hooks/mcp_jwt_signer/mcp_jwt_signer.py
@@ -911,7 +911,7 @@ class MCPJWTSigner(CustomGuardrail):
 async def inject_mcp_jwt_headers_for_upstream(
     user_api_key_dict: UserAPIKeyAuth | None,
     extra_headers: dict[str, str] | None = None,
-    raw_headers: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+    raw_headers: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
     *,
     for_list_tools: bool = False,
     mcp_tool_name: str = "",