diff --git a/litellm/provider_capabilities.py b/litellm/provider_capabilities.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c9c6538805c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/litellm/provider_capabilities.py
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+"""
+Structured provider capabilities declaration for model routing and feature detection.
+
+Replaces ad-hoc flags scattered across model_prices_and_context_window.json
+with a single typed dataclass that each provider declares.
+
+Design mirrors zeshim's `ProviderCapabilities` interface, adapted to LiteLLM's
+Python dataclass conventions and existing model registry.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class ProviderSupports:
+    """Boolean feature flags for a provider/model.
+
+    Each field defaults to False — providers opt IN to capabilities.
+    This avoids the "silently false" problem where a missing key in a
+    JSON dict is indistinguishable from a capability being absent.
+    """
+
+    vision: bool = False
+    streaming: bool = False
+    multi_image: bool = False
+    function_calling: bool = False
+    structured_output: bool = False
+    audio_input: bool = False
+    audio_output: bool = False
+    document_input: bool = False
+    prompt_caching: bool = False
+    reasoning: bool = False
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class ProviderStrengths:
+    """Scored provider strengths for intelligent routing decisions.
+
+    Each dimension is a float in [0.0, 1.0] where higher is better.
+    Used by Router strategies (latency-based, cost-based, quality-based)
+    to make data-driven deployment selection.
+
+    Not all providers need to declare all dimensions — missing scores
+    default to 0.0 (neutral).
+    """
+
+    speed: float = 0.0  # Low latency relative to peer models
+    cost_efficiency: float = 0.0  # Tokens-per-dollar relative to peer models
+    quality: float = 0.0  # Output quality / benchmark performance
+    reliability: float = 0.0  # Uptime / error-rate track record
+    context_fidelity: float = 0.0  # Long-context adherence
+
+    def __post_init__(self):
+        for name in (
+            "speed",
+            "cost_efficiency",
+            "quality",
+            "reliability",
+            "context_fidelity",
+        ):
+            val = getattr(self, name)
+            if not (0.0 <= val <= 1.0):
+                raise ValueError(f"strengths.{name} must be in [0.0, 1.0], got {val}")
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class ProviderCapabilities:
+    """Complete capabilities declaration for a provider/model.
+
+    Composed of:
+      supports  — boolean feature flags (what the model CAN do)
+      strengths — scored dimensions (how WELL it does them),
+                  used by the Router for intelligent deployment selection
+
+    Immutable by design — capabilities don't change at runtime.
+    Models that gain capabilities (e.g., a vision update) should
+    declare a new capabilities object.
+    """
+
+    supports: ProviderSupports = field(default_factory=ProviderSupports)
+    strengths: ProviderStrengths = field(default_factory=ProviderStrengths)
+
+    # ── Convenience accessors (backward-compatible with existing API) ──
+
+    @property
+    def supports_vision(self) -> bool:
+        return self.supports.vision
+
+    @property
+    def supports_streaming(self) -> bool:
+        return self.supports.streaming
+
+    @property
+    def supports_function_calling(self) -> bool:
+        return self.supports.function_calling
+
+    @property
+    def supports_structured_output(self) -> bool:
+        return self.supports.structured_output
+
+    @property
+    def supports_audio(self) -> bool:
+        return self.supports.audio_input or self.supports.audio_output
+
+
+# ── Pre-built capability profiles for common model families ──
+
+# These serve as templates that individual providers can extend or override.
+# The goal: reduce duplication — OpenAI-compatible providers don't each need
+# to re-declare the same capability set.
+
+CAPABILITIES_OPENAI_GPT4O = ProviderCapabilities(
+    supports=ProviderSupports(
+        vision=True,
+        streaming=True,
+        multi_image=True,
+        function_calling=True,
+        structured_output=True,
+        reasoning=True,
+    ),
+    strengths=ProviderStrengths(
+        speed=0.7,
+        cost_efficiency=0.5,
+        quality=0.9,
+        reliability=0.95,
+        context_fidelity=0.85,
+    ),
+)
+
+CAPABILITIES_ANTHROPIC_CLAUDE = ProviderCapabilities(
+    supports=ProviderSupports(
+        vision=True,
+        streaming=True,
+        multi_image=True,
+        function_calling=True,
+        structured_output=True,
+        prompt_caching=True,
+        document_input=True,
+        reasoning=True,
+    ),
+    strengths=ProviderStrengths(
+        speed=0.6,
+        cost_efficiency=0.4,
+        quality=0.95,
+        reliability=0.95,
+        context_fidelity=0.90,
+    ),
+)
+
+CAPABILITIES_GEMINI_FLASH = ProviderCapabilities(
+    supports=ProviderSupports(
+        vision=True,
+        streaming=True,
+        function_calling=True,
+        audio_input=True,
+        prompt_caching=True,
+    ),
+    strengths=ProviderStrengths(
+        speed=0.9,
+        cost_efficiency=0.85,
+        quality=0.7,
+        reliability=0.85,
+        context_fidelity=0.95,
+    ),
+)
+
+# ── Integration helper: build from existing model_cost_map entry ──
+
+
+def capabilities_from_model_info(
+    supports_vision: bool = False,
+    supports_function_calling: bool = False,
+    supports_streaming: bool = False,
+    supports_audio_input: bool = False,
+    supports_audio_output: bool = False,
+    supports_prompt_caching: bool = False,
+    supports_response_schema: bool = False,
+    supports_reasoning: bool = False,
+    **_: object,  # ignore unknown keys from model_cost_map
+) -> ProviderCapabilities:
+    """Bridge: construct ProviderCapabilities from existing model_cost_map flags.
+
+    This allows gradual migration — existing JSON entries can populate
+    capabilities via this helper without rewriting the registry.
+    """
+    return ProviderCapabilities(
+        supports=ProviderSupports(
+            vision=supports_vision,
+            streaming=supports_streaming,
+            function_calling=supports_function_calling,
+            structured_output=supports_response_schema,
+            audio_input=supports_audio_input,
+            audio_output=supports_audio_output,
+            prompt_caching=supports_prompt_caching,
+            reasoning=supports_reasoning,
+        ),
+        # strengths comes from model_cost_map scoring or defaults to neutral
+    )
diff --git a/tests/test_provider_capabilities.py b/tests/test_provider_capabilities.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8fd7250b73b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_provider_capabilities.py
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+"""Tests for litellm.provider_capabilities — structured capability declarations."""
+
+import pytest
+from litellm.provider_capabilities import (
+    CAPABILITIES_ANTHROPIC_CLAUDE,
+    CAPABILITIES_GEMINI_FLASH,
+    CAPABILITIES_OPENAI_GPT4O,
+    ProviderCapabilities,
+    ProviderStrengths,
+    ProviderSupports,
+    capabilities_from_model_info,
+)
+
+
+class TestProviderSupports:
+    """Boolean feature flags — opt-in, all default to False."""
+
+    def test_default_all_false(self):
+        s = ProviderSupports()
+        assert s.vision is False
+        assert s.streaming is False
+        assert s.function_calling is False
+        assert s.structured_output is False
+
+    def test_explicit_true(self):
+        s = ProviderSupports(vision=True, streaming=True)
+        assert s.vision is True
+        assert s.streaming is True
+        assert s.function_calling is False  # still default
+
+    def test_frozen(self):
+        s = ProviderSupports(vision=True)
+        with pytest.raises(Exception):
+            s.vision = False  # type: ignore[misc]
+
+
+class TestProviderStrengths:
+    """Scored dimensions — float in [0.0, 1.0], defaults to 0.0."""
+
+    def test_default_all_zero(self):
+        s = ProviderStrengths()
+        assert s.speed == 0.0
+        assert s.quality == 0.0
+
+    def test_valid_scores(self):
+        s = ProviderStrengths(speed=0.8, quality=0.9, reliability=0.95)
+        assert s.speed == 0.8
+        assert s.quality == 0.9
+
+    def test_score_out_of_range_raises(self):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="must be in"):
+            ProviderStrengths(speed=1.5)
+
+    def test_score_negative_raises(self):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="must be in"):
+            ProviderStrengths(quality=-0.1)
+
+    def test_frozen(self):
+        s = ProviderStrengths(speed=0.5)
+        with pytest.raises(Exception):
+            s.speed = 0.8  # type: ignore[misc]
+
+
+class TestProviderCapabilities:
+    """Composed capabilities declaration."""
+
+    def test_default_empty(self):
+        cap = ProviderCapabilities()
+        assert cap.supports_vision is False
+        assert cap.supports_streaming is False
+        assert cap.supports_function_calling is False
+
+    def test_backward_compat_accessors(self):
+        cap = ProviderCapabilities(
+            supports=ProviderSupports(
+                vision=True, streaming=True, function_calling=True
+            ),
+        )
+        assert cap.supports_vision is True
+        assert cap.supports_streaming is True
+        assert cap.supports_function_calling is True
+        assert cap.supports_structured_output is False
+
+    def test_supports_audio_combines_input_and_output(self):
+        cap = ProviderCapabilities(
+            supports=ProviderSupports(audio_input=True, audio_output=False),
+        )
+        assert cap.supports_audio is True
+
+        cap2 = ProviderCapabilities(
+            supports=ProviderSupports(audio_input=False, audio_output=False),
+        )
+        assert cap2.supports_audio is False
+
+    def test_strengths_accessible(self):
+        cap = ProviderCapabilities(
+            strengths=ProviderStrengths(speed=0.9, quality=0.8),
+        )
+        assert cap.strengths.speed == 0.9
+        assert cap.strengths.quality == 0.8
+
+    def test_frozen(self):
+        cap = ProviderCapabilities()
+        with pytest.raises(Exception):
+            cap.supports = ProviderSupports()  # type: ignore[misc]
+
+
+class TestPrebuiltCapabilityProfiles:
+    """Pre-built profiles for common model families."""
+
+    def test_openai_gpt4o(self):
+        assert CAPABILITIES_OPENAI_GPT4O.supports.vision is True
+        assert CAPABILITIES_OPENAI_GPT4O.supports.streaming is True
+        assert CAPABILITIES_OPENAI_GPT4O.supports.function_calling is True
+        assert CAPABILITIES_OPENAI_GPT4O.supports.structured_output is True
+        assert CAPABILITIES_OPENAI_GPT4O.strengths.quality > 0.8
+
+    def test_anthropic_claude(self):
+        assert CAPABILITIES_ANTHROPIC_CLAUDE.supports.prompt_caching is True
+        assert CAPABILITIES_ANTHROPIC_CLAUDE.supports.document_input is True
+        assert CAPABILITIES_ANTHROPIC_CLAUDE.strengths.context_fidelity > 0.8
+
+    def test_gemini_flash(self):
+        assert CAPABILITIES_GEMINI_FLASH.supports.audio_input is True
+        assert CAPABILITIES_GEMINI_FLASH.strengths.speed > 0.8
+        assert CAPABILITIES_GEMINI_FLASH.strengths.cost_efficiency > 0.8
+
+    def test_all_prebuilts_are_frozen(self):
+        for cap in (
+            CAPABILITIES_OPENAI_GPT4O,
+            CAPABILITIES_ANTHROPIC_CLAUDE,
+            CAPABILITIES_GEMINI_FLASH,
+        ):
+            with pytest.raises(Exception):
+                cap.supports.vision = False  # type: ignore[misc]
+
+
+class TestCapabilitiesFromModelInfo:
+    """Bridge: migrate from existing model_cost_map flags."""
+
+    def test_all_false_by_default(self):
+        cap = capabilities_from_model_info()
+        assert cap.supports_vision is False
+        assert cap.supports_function_calling is False
+
+    def test_maps_individual_flags(self):
+        cap = capabilities_from_model_info(
+            supports_vision=True,
+            supports_function_calling=True,
+            supports_streaming=True,
+        )
+        assert cap.supports_vision is True
+        assert cap.supports_function_calling is True
+        assert cap.supports_streaming is True
+
+    def test_ignores_unknown_kwargs(self):
+        """Should not crash on extra keys from model_cost_map."""
+        cap = capabilities_from_model_info(
+            max_tokens=128000,  # unknown key
+            input_cost_per_token=0.0001,  # unknown key
+            supports_vision=True,
+        )
+        assert cap.supports_vision is True
+
+    def test_maps_response_schema_to_structured_output(self):
+        """supports_response_schema should map to structured_output."""
+        cap = capabilities_from_model_info(
+            supports_response_schema=True,
+        )
+        assert cap.supports_structured_output is True
+
+    def test_maps_reasoning_flag(self):
+        """supports_reasoning should be preserved."""
+        cap = capabilities_from_model_info(
+            supports_reasoning=True,
+        )
+        assert cap.supports.reasoning is True