diff --git a/litellm-rust/Cargo.lock b/litellm-rust/Cargo.lock
index 71ed05c0adf..e998fe1abbb 100644
--- a/litellm-rust/Cargo.lock
+++ b/litellm-rust/Cargo.lock
@@ -3385,6 +3385,8 @@ dependencies = [
  "aws-sigv4",
  "aws-smithy-runtime-api",
  "aws-types",
+ "bytes",
+ "futures-util",
  "litellm-auth-types",
  "litellm-http",
  "moka",
@@ -4041,6 +4043,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "litellm-llms-types",
  "litellm-secrets",
  "litellm-tracing",
+ "reqwest",
  "rstest",
  "serde_json",
  "tokio",
diff --git a/litellm-rust/crates/auth-aws/Cargo.toml b/litellm-rust/crates/auth-aws/Cargo.toml
index 65b411ffaef..1a7e2cd6782 100644
--- a/litellm-rust/crates/auth-aws/Cargo.toml
+++ b/litellm-rust/crates/auth-aws/Cargo.toml
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ repository.workspace = true
 [dependencies]
 litellm-auth-types.workspace = true
 litellm-http.workspace = true
+reqwest.workspace = true
 
 moka = { workspace = true, features = ["sync"] }
 serde.workspace = true
@@ -26,5 +27,6 @@ aws-smithy-runtime-api = "1.13.0"
 [dev-dependencies]
 rstest.workspace = true
 litellm-http = { workspace = true, features = ["test-support"] }
-reqwest.workspace = true
+bytes.workspace = true
+futures-util.workspace = true
 tokio.workspace = true
diff --git a/litellm-rust/crates/auth-aws/src/aws.rs b/litellm-rust/crates/auth-aws/src/aws.rs
index eaa033d631f..d83b01c24ad 100644
--- a/litellm-rust/crates/auth-aws/src/aws.rs
+++ b/litellm-rust/crates/auth-aws/src/aws.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::time::Duration;
 use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
 
@@ -12,6 +11,7 @@ use aws_sigv4::http_request::{
 };
 use aws_sigv4::sign::v4;
 use aws_smithy_runtime_api::client::identity::Identity;
+use reqwest::header::{HeaderMap, HeaderName, HeaderValue};
 
 use litellm_auth_types::AwsParams;
 
@@ -435,12 +435,12 @@ fn default_session_name() -> String {
 /// client header cannot change the canonical request and invalidate the
 /// signature. Signing everything instead makes the request 403 on a header the
 /// caller supplied, on a deployment that works on the Python path.
-pub fn aws_signature_headers(headers: &BTreeMap<String, String>) -> BTreeMap<String, String> {
+pub fn aws_signature_headers(headers: &HeaderMap) -> HeaderMap {
     headers
         .iter()
         .filter(|(name, _)| {
-            let name = name.to_ascii_lowercase();
-            AWS_SIGNED_HEADER_NAMES.contains(&name.as_str())
+            let name = name.as_str();
+            AWS_SIGNED_HEADER_NAMES.contains(&name)
                 || name.starts_with("x-amz-")
                 || name.starts_with("x-amzn-")
         })
@@ -456,45 +456,63 @@ pub fn is_sigv4_computed_header(name: &str) -> bool {
     SIGV4_COMPUTED_HEADER_NAMES.contains(&name.to_ascii_lowercase().as_str())
 }
 
-pub fn sign_post(
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub struct SigningScope<'a> {
+    pub region: &'a str,
+    pub service: &'a str,
+    pub credentials: &'a Credentials,
+    pub time: SystemTime,
+}
+
+pub fn sign_headers(
+    method: &str,
     url: &str,
     body: &[u8],
-    headers: &BTreeMap<String, String>,
-    region: &str,
-    service: &str,
-    credentials: &Credentials,
-    signing_time: SystemTime,
-) -> Result<BTreeMap<String, String>, Error> {
-    let identity: Identity = credentials.clone().into();
+    headers: &HeaderMap,
+    scope: SigningScope<'_>,
+) -> Result<HeaderMap, Error> {
+    let identity: Identity = scope.credentials.clone().into();
     let params = v4::SigningParams::builder()
         .identity(&identity)
-        .region(region)
-        .name(service)
-        .time(signing_time)
+        .region(scope.region)
+        .name(scope.service)
+        .time(scope.time)
         .settings(SigningSettings::default())
         .build()
         .map(SigningParams::from)
         .map_err(|error| Error::AwsSigningParameters(error.to_string()))?;
     let header_refs = headers
         .iter()
-        .map(|(name, value)| (name.as_str(), value.as_str()));
-    let request = SignableRequest::new("POST", url, header_refs, SignableBody::Bytes(body))
-        .map_err(|error| Error::AwsSignableRequest(error.to_string()))?;
+        .map(|(name, value)| {
+            value
+                .to_str()
+                .map(|value| (name.as_str(), value))
+                .map_err(|_| Error::AwsSignableRequest(format!("{name} is not visible ASCII")))
+        })
+        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
+    let request = SignableRequest::new(
+        method,
+        url,
+        header_refs.into_iter(),
+        SignableBody::Bytes(body),
+    )
+    .map_err(|error| Error::AwsSignableRequest(error.to_string()))?;
     let (instructions, _) = sign(request, &params)
         .map_err(|error| Error::AwsSigning(error.to_string()))?
         .into_parts();
-    Ok(instructions
+    instructions
         .headers()
         .map(|(name, value)| {
-            let normalized_name = match name {
-                "authorization" => "Authorization",
-                "x-amz-date" => "X-Amz-Date",
-                "x-amz-security-token" => "X-Amz-Security-Token",
-                _ => name,
-            };
-            (normalized_name.to_string(), value.to_string())
+            HeaderName::from_bytes(name.as_bytes())
+                .map_err(|error| error.to_string())
+                .and_then(|name| {
+                    HeaderValue::from_str(value)
+                        .map(|value| (name, value))
+                        .map_err(|error| error.to_string())
+                })
         })
-        .collect())
+        .collect::<Result<HeaderMap, _>>()
+        .map_err(Error::AwsSigning)
 }
 
 /// Model-id and region parsing shared by every Bedrock route.
@@ -639,6 +657,7 @@ pub fn host_supplied_credentials(params: &AwsParams) -> Option<Credentials> {
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use crate::constants::{AWS_REGION, BEDROCK_SERVICE};
+    use reqwest::header::CONTENT_TYPE;
 
     fn no_env(_: &str) -> Option<String> {
         None
@@ -731,12 +750,12 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
-    fn parity_inputs() -> (String, Vec<u8>, BTreeMap<String, String>) {
+    fn parity_inputs() -> (String, Vec<u8>, HeaderMap) {
         (
             "https://bedrock-runtime.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/model/amazon.titan-text-express-v1/invoke"
                 .to_string(),
             br#"{"input":"hello"}"#.to_vec(),
-            BTreeMap::from([("Content-Type".to_string(), "application/json".to_string())]),
+            HeaderMap::from_iter([(CONTENT_TYPE, HeaderValue::from_static("application/json"))]),
         )
     }
 
@@ -961,9 +980,9 @@ mod tests {
         // cannot change the canonical request. Signing it instead makes the
         // request 403 the moment anything on the wire rewrites or drops it.
         let (url, body, mut headers) = parity_inputs();
-        headers.insert("x-request-id".to_string(), "abc-123".to_string());
-        headers.insert("Accept-Encoding".to_string(), "gzip".to_string());
-        headers.insert("x-amzn-trace-id".to_string(), "Root=1-abc".to_string());
+        headers.insert("x-request-id", HeaderValue::from_static("abc-123"));
+        headers.insert("Accept-Encoding", HeaderValue::from_static("gzip"));
+        headers.insert("x-amzn-trace-id", HeaderValue::from_static("Root=1-abc"));
         let signable = aws_signature_headers(&headers);
 
         assert!(!signable.contains_key("x-request-id"));
@@ -979,18 +998,21 @@ mod tests {
             None,
             "test",
         );
-        let signed = sign_post(
+        let signed = sign_headers(
+            "POST",
             &url,
             &body,
             &signable,
-            "us-east-1",
-            BEDROCK_SERVICE,
-            &credentials,
-            SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH,
+            SigningScope {
+                region: "us-east-1",
+                service: BEDROCK_SERVICE,
+                credentials: &credentials,
+                time: SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH,
+            },
         )
         .expect("signs");
-        let authorization = signed
-            .get("Authorization")
+        let authorization = signed["Authorization"]
+            .to_str()
             .expect("carries an authorization header");
         assert!(
             !authorization.contains("x-request-id"),
@@ -1012,29 +1034,24 @@ mod tests {
             None,
             "test",
         );
-        let signed = sign_post(
+        let signed = sign_headers(
+            "POST",
             &url,
             &body,
             &headers,
-            "us-east-1",
-            BEDROCK_SERVICE,
-            &credentials,
-            UNIX_EPOCH + std::time::Duration::from_secs(1_704_164_645),
+            SigningScope {
+                region: "us-east-1",
+                service: BEDROCK_SERVICE,
+                credentials: &credentials,
+                time: UNIX_EPOCH + std::time::Duration::from_secs(1_704_164_645),
+            },
         )
         .expect("golden signature");
+        assert_eq!(signed["X-Amz-Date"], "20240102T030405Z");
+        assert_eq!(signed["X-Amz-Security-Token"], "session-token");
         assert_eq!(
-            signed.get("X-Amz-Date").map(String::as_str),
-            Some("20240102T030405Z")
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            signed.get("X-Amz-Security-Token").map(String::as_str),
-            Some("session-token")
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            signed.get("Authorization").map(String::as_str),
-            Some(
-                "AWS4-HMAC-SHA256 Credential=AKIDEXAMPLE/20240102/us-east-1/bedrock/aws4_request, SignedHeaders=content-type;host;x-amz-date;x-amz-security-token, Signature=55c027ef47527d3ad63f1735f9d099efdbc99f296ff914bd94e727e24ec0e464"
-            )
+            signed["Authorization"],
+            "AWS4-HMAC-SHA256 Credential=AKIDEXAMPLE/20240102/us-east-1/bedrock/aws4_request, SignedHeaders=content-type;host;x-amz-date;x-amz-security-token, Signature=55c027ef47527d3ad63f1735f9d099efdbc99f296ff914bd94e727e24ec0e464"
         );
     }
 
@@ -1048,14 +1065,17 @@ mod tests {
             None,
             "test",
         );
-        let signed = sign_post(
+        let signed = sign_headers(
+            "POST",
             &url,
             &body,
             &headers,
-            "us-east-1",
-            BEDROCK_SERVICE,
-            &credentials,
-            UNIX_EPOCH + std::time::Duration::from_secs(1_704_164_645),
+            SigningScope {
+                region: "us-east-1",
+                service: BEDROCK_SERVICE,
+                credentials: &credentials,
+                time: UNIX_EPOCH + std::time::Duration::from_secs(1_704_164_645),
+            },
         )
         .expect("signature");
         assert!(!signed.contains_key("X-Amz-Security-Token"));
@@ -1068,7 +1088,7 @@ mod tests {
         let secret_access_key = std::env::var("AWS_BEDROCK_TEST_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY")?;
         let body = br#"{"anthropic_version":"bedrock-2023-05-31","max_tokens":1,"messages":[{"role":"user","content":[{"type":"text","text":"ping"}]}]}"#.to_vec();
         let headers =
-            BTreeMap::from([("Content-Type".to_string(), "application/json".to_string())]);
+            HeaderMap::from_iter([(CONTENT_TYPE, HeaderValue::from_static("application/json"))]);
         let credentials = AwsAuthService::default()
             .resolve_credentials(
                 AwsAuthConfig {
@@ -1087,23 +1107,25 @@ mod tests {
             let url = format!(
                 "https://bedrock-runtime.{region}.amazonaws.com/model/us.anthropic.claude-opus-4-8/invoke"
             );
-            let signed_headers = sign_post(
+            let signed_headers = sign_headers(
+                "POST",
                 &url,
                 &body,
                 &headers,
-                region,
-                BEDROCK_SERVICE,
-                &credentials,
-                SystemTime::now(),
+                SigningScope {
+                    region,
+                    service: BEDROCK_SERVICE,
+                    credentials: &credentials,
+                    time: SystemTime::now(),
+                },
             )?;
-            let mut request = client.post(&url).body(body.clone());
-            for (name, value) in &headers {
-                request = request.header(name, value);
-            }
-            for (name, value) in signed_headers {
-                request = request.header(name, value);
-            }
-            let response = request.send().await?;
+            let response = client
+                .post(&url)
+                .headers(headers.clone())
+                .headers(signed_headers)
+                .body(body.clone())
+                .send()
+                .await?;
             let status = response.status();
             let response_body = response.text().await?;
             let snippet: String = response_body.chars().take(240).collect();
diff --git a/litellm-rust/crates/auth-aws/src/signer.rs b/litellm-rust/crates/auth-aws/src/signer.rs
index 3868fdd939b..6c2cb4fd162 100644
--- a/litellm-rust/crates/auth-aws/src/signer.rs
+++ b/litellm-rust/crates/auth-aws/src/signer.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
-use std::{collections::BTreeMap, time::SystemTime};
+use std::time::SystemTime;
+
+use aws_credential_types::Credentials;
+use reqwest::{Request, header::HeaderMap};
 
 use crate::{
-    AwsAuthService, AwsCredentialSource, Error, aws_signature_headers, is_sigv4_computed_header,
-    sign_post,
+    AwsAuthService, AwsCredentialSource, Error, SigningScope, aws_signature_headers,
+    is_sigv4_computed_header, sign_headers,
 };
-use aws_credential_types::Credentials;
-use litellm_http::outbound::{RequestSigner, UnsignedRequest};
+use litellm_http::outbound::RequestSigner;
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct SigV4Signer {
@@ -45,41 +47,48 @@ impl SigV4Signer {
 }
 
 impl RequestSigner for SigV4Signer {
-    fn sign(
-        &self,
-        request: UnsignedRequest<'_>,
-    ) -> Result<Vec<(String, String)>, litellm_http::Error> {
-        if let Some((name, _)) = request
-            .headers
-            .iter()
-            .find(|(name, _)| is_sigv4_computed_header(name))
+    fn sign(&self, request: &Request) -> Result<HeaderMap, litellm_http::Error> {
+        if let Some(name) = request
+            .headers()
+            .keys()
+            .find(|name| is_sigv4_computed_header(name.as_str()))
         {
-            return Err(litellm_http::Error::ComputedHeader(name.clone()));
+            return Err(litellm_http::Error::ComputedHeader(name.to_string()));
         }
-        let headers: BTreeMap<String, String> = request.headers.iter().cloned().collect();
-        sign_post(
-            request.url,
-            request.body,
-            &aws_signature_headers(&headers),
-            &self.region,
-            self.service,
-            &self.credentials,
-            (self.clock)(),
+        let body = match request.body() {
+            None => &[],
+            Some(body) => body.as_bytes().ok_or_else(|| {
+                litellm_http::Error::Signature("a streaming body cannot be signed".into())
+            })?,
+        };
+        sign_headers(
+            request.method().as_str(),
+            request.url().as_str(),
+            body,
+            &aws_signature_headers(request.headers()),
+            SigningScope {
+                region: &self.region,
+                service: self.service,
+                credentials: &self.credentials,
+                time: (self.clock)(),
+            },
         )
-        .map(|signature| signature.into_iter().collect())
         .map_err(|error| litellm_http::Error::Signature(error.to_string()))
     }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
+    use reqwest::{Body, Method, Url};
+    use serde_json::{Value, json as json_value};
     use std::time::{Duration, UNIX_EPOCH};
 
-    use litellm_http::outbound::OutboundRequest;
-    use serde_json::{Value, json};
+    use litellm_http::outbound::{json, signed};
 
     use super::*;
 
+    const URL: &str = "https://textract.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/";
+
     fn fixed_clock() -> SystemTime {
         UNIX_EPOCH + Duration::from_secs(1_700_000_000)
     }
@@ -93,75 +102,83 @@ mod tests {
         .with_clock(fixed_clock)
     }
 
+    fn target() -> (String, String) {
+        ("X-Amz-Target".into(), "Textract.DetectDocumentText".into())
+    }
+
     fn authorization(body: &Value, service: &'static str) -> String {
-        OutboundRequest::signed_json(
-            "https://textract.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/".into(),
-            vec![("X-Amz-Target".into(), "Textract.DetectDocumentText".into())],
-            body,
-            None,
+        signed(
+            json(URL, &[target()], body, None).unwrap(),
             &signer(service),
         )
         .unwrap()
-        .header("Authorization")
-        .unwrap()
-        .to_string()
+        .headers()["authorization"]
+            .to_str()
+            .unwrap()
+            .to_string()
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn the_signature_verifies_against_the_bytes_that_are_sent() {
-        let sent = OutboundRequest::signed_json(
-            "https://textract.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/".into(),
-            vec![("X-Amz-Target".into(), "Textract.DetectDocumentText".into())],
-            &json!({"Document": {"Bytes": "aGk="}}),
-            None,
+        let sent = signed(
+            json(
+                URL,
+                &[target()],
+                &json_value!({"Document": {"Bytes": "aGk="}}),
+                None,
+            )
+            .unwrap(),
             &signer("textract"),
         )
         .unwrap();
-        let unsigned: BTreeMap<String, String> = sent
+        let unsigned: HeaderMap = sent
             .headers()
             .iter()
-            .filter(|(name, _)| !is_sigv4_computed_header(name))
-            .cloned()
+            .filter(|(name, _)| !is_sigv4_computed_header(name.as_str()))
+            .map(|(name, value)| (name.clone(), value.clone()))
             .collect();
-        let recomputed = sign_post(
-            sent.url(),
-            sent.body(),
+        let recomputed = sign_headers(
+            "POST",
+            sent.url().as_str(),
+            sent.body().unwrap().as_bytes().unwrap(),
             &aws_signature_headers(&unsigned),
-            "us-east-1",
-            "textract",
-            &Credentials::new("AKIDEXAMPLE", "secret", None, None, "test"),
-            fixed_clock(),
+            SigningScope {
+                region: "us-east-1",
+                service: "textract",
+                credentials: &Credentials::new("AKIDEXAMPLE", "secret", None, None, "test"),
+                time: fixed_clock(),
+            },
         )
         .unwrap();
 
-        assert_eq!(
-            sent.header("Authorization"),
-            Some(recomputed["Authorization"].as_str())
-        );
+        assert_eq!(sent.headers()["authorization"], recomputed["authorization"]);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn the_signature_depends_on_the_body_and_the_service() {
-        let original = authorization(&json!({"text": "card 4111"}), "textract");
+        let original = authorization(&json_value!({"text": "card 4111"}), "textract");
 
         assert_ne!(
             original,
-            authorization(&json!({"text": "card [REDACTED]"}), "textract")
+            authorization(&json_value!({"text": "card [REDACTED]"}), "textract")
         );
         assert_ne!(
             original,
-            authorization(&json!({"text": "card 4111"}), "bedrock")
+            authorization(&json_value!({"text": "card 4111"}), "bedrock")
         );
         assert!(original.contains("/us-east-1/textract/aws4_request"));
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn a_forwarded_computed_header_is_refused_instead_of_sent_twice() {
-        let error = OutboundRequest::signed_json(
-            "https://textract.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/".into(),
-            vec![("authorization".into(), "Bearer caller".into())],
-            &json!({}),
-            None,
+        let error = signed(
+            json(
+                URL,
+                &[("authorization".into(), "Bearer caller".into())],
+                &json_value!({}),
+                None,
+            )
+            .unwrap(),
             &signer("textract"),
         )
         .unwrap_err();
@@ -171,4 +188,17 @@ mod tests {
             litellm_http::Error::ComputedHeader("authorization".into())
         );
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_streaming_body_cannot_be_signed() {
+        let mut request = Request::new(Method::POST, Url::parse(URL).unwrap());
+        *request.body_mut() = Some(Body::wrap_stream(futures_util::stream::once(async {
+            Ok::<_, std::io::Error>(bytes::Bytes::from_static(b"{}"))
+        })));
+
+        assert!(matches!(
+            signed(request, &signer("textract")),
+            Err(litellm_http::Error::Signature(_))
+        ));
+    }
 }
diff --git a/litellm-rust/crates/http/src/error.rs b/litellm-rust/crates/http/src/error.rs
index eafb4d2976b..ae14756baa3 100644
--- a/litellm-rust/crates/http/src/error.rs
+++ b/litellm-rust/crates/http/src/error.rs
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ pub enum Error {
     Client(String),
     #[error("request body could not be serialized: {0}")]
     RequestBody(String),
+    #[error("invalid request: {0}")]
+    Request(String),
     #[error("request forwards a header the signer computes: {0}")]
     ComputedHeader(String),
     #[error("request signing failed: {0}")]
diff --git a/litellm-rust/crates/http/src/outbound.rs b/litellm-rust/crates/http/src/outbound.rs
index c2cfb00d79b..09b5d0179d0 100644
--- a/litellm-rust/crates/http/src/outbound.rs
+++ b/litellm-rust/crates/http/src/outbound.rs
@@ -1,131 +1,68 @@
-//! The request a route hands to the transport. The body is serialized once,
-//! when the request is built, and a [`RequestSigner`] sees those exact bytes.
+//! Building the request a route hands to the transport. The body is serialized
+//! once, into the [`reqwest::Request`] that is sent, and a [`RequestSigner`]
+//! reads those exact bytes back out of it.
 //!
 //! Host hooks may rewrite the wire request (redaction, guardrails) and a
 //! signature such as AWS SigV4 covers the body, so a route builds this after
-//! its hooks ran and cannot change or re-serialize it afterwards.
+//! its hooks ran and signs last.
 
 use std::time::Duration;
 
+use reqwest::{
+    Request,
+    header::{CONTENT_TYPE, HeaderMap},
+};
 use serde::Serialize;
 
-use crate::{
-    Error,
-    request::{HeaderPolicy, has_header, with_headers},
-};
-
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
-pub struct UnsignedRequest<'a> {
-    pub url: &'a str,
-    pub headers: &'a [(String, String)],
-    pub body: &'a [u8],
-}
+use crate::Error;
 
 /// Returns the headers to add to the request; it never sees a mutable request.
 pub trait RequestSigner: Send + Sync {
-    fn sign(&self, request: UnsignedRequest<'_>) -> Result<Vec<(String, String)>, Error>;
+    fn sign(&self, request: &Request) -> Result<HeaderMap, Error>;
 }
 
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct OutboundRequest {
-    url: String,
-    headers: Vec<(String, String)>,
-    body: Vec<u8>,
+pub fn json(
+    url: &str,
+    headers: &[(String, String)],
+    body: &impl Serialize,
     timeout: Option<Duration>,
+) -> Result<Request, Error> {
+    let body = serde_json::to_vec(body).map_err(|error| Error::RequestBody(error.to_string()))?;
+    let with_headers = headers
+        .iter()
+        .fold(http::Request::post(url), |builder, (name, value)| {
+            builder.header(name, value)
+        });
+    let has_content_type = with_headers
+        .headers_ref()
+        .is_some_and(|headers| headers.contains_key(CONTENT_TYPE));
+    let builder = if has_content_type {
+        with_headers
+    } else {
+        with_headers.header(CONTENT_TYPE, "application/json")
+    };
+    let mut request = builder
+        .body(body)
+        .map_err(|error| Error::Request(error.to_string()))
+        .and_then(|request| {
+            Request::try_from(request)
+                .map_err(|error| Error::Request(error.without_url().to_string()))
+        })?;
+    *request.timeout_mut() = timeout;
+    Ok(request)
 }
 
-impl OutboundRequest {
-    pub fn json(
-        url: String,
-        headers: Vec<(String, String)>,
-        body: &impl Serialize,
-        timeout: Option<Duration>,
-    ) -> Result<Self, Error> {
-        Self::build(url, headers, body, timeout, None)
-    }
-
-    pub fn signed_json(
-        url: String,
-        headers: Vec<(String, String)>,
-        body: &impl Serialize,
-        timeout: Option<Duration>,
-        signer: &dyn RequestSigner,
-    ) -> Result<Self, Error> {
-        Self::build(url, headers, body, timeout, Some(signer))
-    }
-
-    fn build(
-        url: String,
-        headers: Vec<(String, String)>,
-        body: &impl Serialize,
-        timeout: Option<Duration>,
-        signer: Option<&dyn RequestSigner>,
-    ) -> Result<Self, Error> {
-        let body =
-            serde_json::to_vec(body).map_err(|error| Error::RequestBody(error.to_string()))?;
-        let content_type = (!has_header(&headers, "content-type"))
-            .then(|| ("content-type".to_string(), "application/json".to_string()));
-        let unsigned: Vec<(String, String)> = headers.into_iter().chain(content_type).collect();
-        let signature = signer
-            .map(|signer| {
-                signer.sign(UnsignedRequest {
-                    url: &url,
-                    headers: &unsigned,
-                    body: &body,
-                })
-            })
-            .transpose()?
-            .unwrap_or_default();
-        Ok(Self {
-            url,
-            headers: unsigned.into_iter().chain(signature).collect(),
-            body,
-            timeout,
-        })
-    }
-
-    pub fn url(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.url
-    }
-
-    pub fn headers(&self) -> &[(String, String)] {
-        &self.headers
-    }
-
-    pub fn header(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.headers
-            .iter()
-            .find(|(key, _)| key.eq_ignore_ascii_case(name))
-            .map(|(_, value)| value.as_str())
-    }
-
-    pub fn body(&self) -> &[u8] {
-        &self.body
-    }
-
-    pub fn timeout(&self) -> Option<Duration> {
-        self.timeout
-    }
-
-    pub async fn send(self, client: &crate::Client) -> Result<reqwest::Response, reqwest::Error> {
-        let builder = with_headers(
-            client.post(&self.url).body(self.body),
-            &self.headers,
-            HeaderPolicy::All,
-        );
-        match self.timeout {
-            Some(timeout) => builder.timeout(timeout),
-            None => builder,
-        }
-        .send()
-        .await
-    }
+pub fn signed(mut request: Request, signer: &dyn RequestSigner) -> Result<Request, Error> {
+    let signature = signer.sign(&request)?;
+    request.headers_mut().extend(signature);
+    Ok(request)
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use std::sync::Mutex;
 
+    use reqwest::header::HeaderValue;
     use serde_json::json;
 
     use super::*;
@@ -134,61 +71,73 @@ mod tests {
     struct Recording(Mutex<Vec<u8>>);
 
     impl RequestSigner for Recording {
-        fn sign(&self, request: UnsignedRequest<'_>) -> Result<Vec<(String, String)>, Error> {
-            *self.0.lock().unwrap() = request.body.to_vec();
-            Ok(vec![("authorization".into(), "signed".into())])
+        fn sign(&self, request: &Request) -> Result<HeaderMap, Error> {
+            *self.0.lock().unwrap() = request.body().unwrap().as_bytes().unwrap().to_vec();
+            Ok(HeaderMap::from_iter([(
+                reqwest::header::AUTHORIZATION,
+                HeaderValue::from_static("signed"),
+            )]))
         }
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn the_signer_sees_exactly_the_bytes_that_are_sent() {
         let signer = Recording::default();
-        let request = OutboundRequest::signed_json(
-            "https://provider.test/".into(),
-            vec![("x-caller".into(), "kept".into())],
-            &json!({"b": 1, "a": [true, null]}),
-            None,
+        let request = signed(
+            json(
+                "https://provider.test/",
+                &[("x-caller".into(), "kept".into())],
+                &json!({"b": 1, "a": [true, null]}),
+                Some(Duration::from_secs(7)),
+            )
+            .unwrap(),
             &signer,
         )
         .unwrap();
 
-        assert_eq!(request.body(), signer.0.lock().unwrap().as_slice());
-        assert_eq!(request.header("authorization"), Some("signed"));
-        assert_eq!(request.header("x-caller"), Some("kept"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            request.body().unwrap().as_bytes().unwrap(),
+            signer.0.lock().unwrap().as_slice()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(request.headers()["authorization"], "signed");
+        assert_eq!(request.headers()["x-caller"], "kept");
+        assert_eq!(request.timeout(), Some(&Duration::from_secs(7)));
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn the_content_type_is_part_of_what_the_signer_sees() {
         struct RequiresContentType;
         impl RequestSigner for RequiresContentType {
-            fn sign(&self, request: UnsignedRequest<'_>) -> Result<Vec<(String, String)>, Error> {
-                has_header(request.headers, "content-type")
-                    .then(Vec::new)
+            fn sign(&self, request: &Request) -> Result<HeaderMap, Error> {
+                request
+                    .headers()
+                    .contains_key(CONTENT_TYPE)
+                    .then(HeaderMap::new)
                     .ok_or_else(|| Error::Signature("content-type was not signed".into()))
             }
         }
 
-        let defaulted = OutboundRequest::signed_json(
-            "u".into(),
-            Vec::new(),
-            &json!({}),
-            None,
+        let defaulted = signed(
+            json("https://u.test/", &[], &json!({}), None).unwrap(),
             &RequiresContentType,
         )
         .unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(defaulted.header("content-type"), Some("application/json"));
+        assert_eq!(defaulted.headers()[CONTENT_TYPE], "application/json");
 
-        let provider = OutboundRequest::signed_json(
-            "u".into(),
-            vec![("Content-Type".into(), "application/x-amz-json-1.1".into())],
-            &json!({}),
-            None,
+        let provider = signed(
+            json(
+                "https://u.test/",
+                &[("Content-Type".into(), "application/x-amz-json-1.1".into())],
+                &json!({}),
+                None,
+            )
+            .unwrap(),
             &RequiresContentType,
         )
         .unwrap();
         assert_eq!(
-            provider.header("content-type"),
-            Some("application/x-amz-json-1.1")
+            provider.headers()[CONTENT_TYPE],
+            "application/x-amz-json-1.1"
         );
         assert_eq!(provider.headers().len(), 1);
     }
@@ -197,14 +146,33 @@ mod tests {
     fn a_signer_failure_produces_no_request() {
         struct Refuses;
         impl RequestSigner for Refuses {
-            fn sign(&self, _request: UnsignedRequest<'_>) -> Result<Vec<(String, String)>, Error> {
+            fn sign(&self, _request: &Request) -> Result<HeaderMap, Error> {
                 Err(Error::ComputedHeader("authorization".into()))
             }
         }
 
-        assert_eq!(
-            OutboundRequest::signed_json("u".into(), Vec::new(), &json!({}), None, &Refuses),
-            Err(Error::ComputedHeader("authorization".into()))
-        );
+        let error = signed(
+            json("https://u.test/", &[], &json!({}), None).unwrap(),
+            &Refuses,
+        )
+        .unwrap_err();
+        assert_eq!(error, Error::ComputedHeader("authorization".into()));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_request_that_cannot_be_sent_fails_when_it_is_built() {
+        assert!(matches!(
+            json("not a url", &[], &json!({}), None),
+            Err(Error::Request(_))
+        ));
+        assert!(matches!(
+            json(
+                "https://u.test/",
+                &[("x-bad".into(), "\u{7f}".into())],
+                &json!({}),
+                None
+            ),
+            Err(Error::Request(_))
+        ));
     }
 }
diff --git a/litellm-rust/crates/http/src/request.rs b/litellm-rust/crates/http/src/request.rs
index cfebe8c6b01..5a3dd19ade2 100644
--- a/litellm-rust/crates/http/src/request.rs
+++ b/litellm-rust/crates/http/src/request.rs
@@ -53,6 +53,18 @@ pub async fn execute_http_request(
     client.execute(request).await
 }
 
+pub fn header_pairs(headers: &reqwest::header::HeaderMap) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
+    headers
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|(name, value)| {
+            value
+                .to_str()
+                .ok()
+                .map(|value| (name.to_string(), value.to_string()))
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
 pub fn truncate_error_body(body: &str) -> String {
     if body.chars().count() <= UPSTREAM_ERROR_BODY_MAX_CHARS {
         return body.to_string();
diff --git a/litellm-rust/crates/inference-chat/Cargo.toml b/litellm-rust/crates/inference-chat/Cargo.toml
index 130786e788d..fa3fad067a9 100644
--- a/litellm-rust/crates/inference-chat/Cargo.toml
+++ b/litellm-rust/crates/inference-chat/Cargo.toml
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ license.workspace = true
 repository.workspace = true
 
 [dependencies]
-futures-util.workspace = true
 litellm-auth = { workspace = true, features = ["aws", "azure", "gcp"] }
 litellm-cache-response.workspace = true
 litellm-core-utils.workspace = true
@@ -16,7 +15,10 @@ litellm-inference.workspace = true
 litellm-llms.workspace = true
 litellm-llms-types.workspace = true
 litellm-secrets.workspace = true
+
 serde_json = { workspace = true, features = ["preserve_order"] }
+futures-util.workspace = true
+reqwest.workspace = true
 tracing.workspace = true
 
 [dev-dependencies]
diff --git a/litellm-rust/crates/inference-chat/src/handler.rs b/litellm-rust/crates/inference-chat/src/handler.rs
index c52ff19ac08..15a45747997 100644
--- a/litellm-rust/crates/inference-chat/src/handler.rs
+++ b/litellm-rust/crates/inference-chat/src/handler.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ use litellm_auth::AuthServices;
 use litellm_host::interceptors::{Interceptors, RawResponse, RequestContext, WireRequest};
 use litellm_http::{
     Client,
-    outbound::OutboundRequest,
     request::{truncate_error_body, with_default_headers},
 };
 use litellm_llms::base_llm::{
@@ -96,7 +95,7 @@ pub(super) async fn execute(
                     headers: wire.headers,
                     signer: authenticated.signer,
                 },
-                wire.url,
+                &wire.url,
                 &wire.body,
                 call.timeout,
             )?;
@@ -170,10 +169,10 @@ pub(super) fn as_response_error(err: Error) -> Error {
 
 pub(super) fn outbound_request(
     authenticated: Authenticated,
-    url: String,
+    url: &str,
     body: &Value,
     timeout: Option<Duration>,
-) -> Result<OutboundRequest, Error> {
+) -> Result<reqwest::Request, Error> {
     litellm_inference::outbound::outbound_request(
         authenticated,
         url,
diff --git a/litellm-rust/crates/inference-messages/src/handler.rs b/litellm-rust/crates/inference-messages/src/handler.rs
index 8b6154ecbee..292995d842c 100644
--- a/litellm-rust/crates/inference-messages/src/handler.rs
+++ b/litellm-rust/crates/inference-messages/src/handler.rs
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ async fn send(
 ) -> Result<reqwest::Response, Error> {
     let request = outbound_request(
         authenticated,
-        url.to_string(),
+        url,
         body,
         Some(timeout.unwrap_or(Duration::from_secs(MESSAGES_TIMEOUT_SECS))),
     )?;
@@ -859,12 +859,12 @@ mod tests {
                 headers: call.wire.headers,
                 signer: call.signer,
             },
-            call.wire.url,
+            &call.wire.url,
             &call.wire.body,
             None,
         )
         .unwrap();
-        let authorization = signed.header("authorization").unwrap_or_default();
+        let authorization = signed.headers()["authorization"].to_str().unwrap();
         assert!(
             authorization.contains(&format!("/us-west-2/{service}/aws4_request")),
             "{authorization}"
diff --git a/litellm-rust/crates/inference-ocr/tests/ocr/aws_textract.rs b/litellm-rust/crates/inference-ocr/tests/ocr/aws_textract.rs
index 5336d67895d..c4096767188 100644
--- a/litellm-rust/crates/inference-ocr/tests/ocr/aws_textract.rs
+++ b/litellm-rust/crates/inference-ocr/tests/ocr/aws_textract.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
-use std::{collections::BTreeMap, time::SystemTime};
+use std::time::SystemTime;
 
-use litellm_auth_aws::{Credentials, aws_signature_headers, sign_post};
+use litellm_auth_aws::{Credentials, SigningScope, aws_signature_headers, sign_headers};
 use rstest::rstest;
 use time::{PrimitiveDateTime, format_description};
-use wiremock::Request;
+use wiremock::{
+    Request,
+    http::{HeaderMap, HeaderName},
+};
 
 use super::*;
 
@@ -42,21 +45,26 @@ fn expected_authorization(url: &str, sent: &Request) -> String {
             .unwrap()
             .assume_utc()
             .into();
-    let headers: BTreeMap<String, String> = ["content-type", "x-amz-target"]
+    let headers: HeaderMap = ["content-type", "x-amz-target"]
         .into_iter()
-        .map(|name| (name.to_string(), sent.header(name).unwrap().to_string()))
+        .map(|name| (HeaderName::from_static(name), sent.headers[name].clone()))
         .collect();
-    sign_post(
+    sign_headers(
+        "POST",
         url,
         &sent.body,
         &aws_signature_headers(&headers),
-        "eu-west-1",
-        "textract",
-        &Credentials::new(ACCESS_KEY_ID, SECRET_ACCESS_KEY, None, None, "test"),
-        signed_at,
+        SigningScope {
+            region: "eu-west-1",
+            service: "textract",
+            credentials: &Credentials::new(ACCESS_KEY_ID, SECRET_ACCESS_KEY, None, None, "test"),
+            time: signed_at,
+        },
     )
-    .unwrap()["Authorization"]
-        .clone()
+    .unwrap()["authorization"]
+        .to_str()
+        .unwrap()
+        .to_string()
 }
 
 /// The recorded URL names wiremock's host, not the address the client signed for.
diff --git a/litellm-rust/crates/inference-responses/src/handler.rs b/litellm-rust/crates/inference-responses/src/handler.rs
index 02182d23ae3..cbbc8be139d 100644
--- a/litellm-rust/crates/inference-responses/src/handler.rs
+++ b/litellm-rust/crates/inference-responses/src/handler.rs
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ pub(super) async fn execute(
                     headers: wire.headers,
                     signer: authenticated.signer,
                 },
-                wire.url,
+                &wire.url,
                 &wire.body,
                 Some(call.timeout.unwrap_or(Duration::from_secs(600))),
             )?;
diff --git a/litellm-rust/crates/inference-transcription/src/handler.rs b/litellm-rust/crates/inference-transcription/src/handler.rs
index 5a7238c5e36..6541ae8263e 100644
--- a/litellm-rust/crates/inference-transcription/src/handler.rs
+++ b/litellm-rust/crates/inference-transcription/src/handler.rs
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ pub(super) async fn execute(
     let authenticated = resolve_auth(auth, environment, &env_lookup).await?;
     let outbound = litellm_inference::outbound::outbound_request(
         authenticated,
-        url,
+        &url,
         &body,
         Some(
             call.timeout
diff --git a/litellm-rust/crates/inference/src/outbound.rs b/litellm-rust/crates/inference/src/outbound.rs
index 41fe3aa62b8..9d9b1e606c2 100644
--- a/litellm-rust/crates/inference/src/outbound.rs
+++ b/litellm-rust/crates/inference/src/outbound.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use std::time::Duration;
 
-use litellm_http::outbound::OutboundRequest;
+use litellm_http::outbound::{json, signed};
 use litellm_llms::base_llm::auth::Authenticated;
 use serde_json::Value;
 
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@ use serde_json::Value;
     fields(status)
 )]
 pub async fn send(
-    request: OutboundRequest,
+    request: reqwest::Request,
     client: &litellm_http::Client,
 ) -> Result<reqwest::Response, reqwest::Error> {
-    request.send(client).await.inspect(|response| {
+    client.execute(request).await.inspect(|response| {
         tracing::Span::current().record("status", response.status().as_u16());
     })
 }
@@ -23,13 +23,14 @@ pub async fn send(
 /// bytes that are sent.
 pub fn outbound_request(
     authenticated: Authenticated,
-    url: String,
+    url: &str,
     body: &Value,
     timeout: Option<Duration>,
-) -> Result<OutboundRequest, litellm_http::Error> {
+) -> Result<reqwest::Request, litellm_http::Error> {
     let Authenticated { headers, signer } = authenticated;
+    let request = json(url, &headers, body, timeout)?;
     match signer {
-        None => OutboundRequest::json(url, headers, body, timeout),
-        Some(signer) => OutboundRequest::signed_json(url, headers, body, timeout, &signer),
+        None => Ok(request),
+        Some(signer) => signed(request, &signer),
     }
 }
diff --git a/litellm-rust/crates/llms/src/base_llm/ocr/handler.rs b/litellm-rust/crates/llms/src/base_llm/ocr/handler.rs
index 21ad4ea8025..a9ddcb87086 100644
--- a/litellm-rust/crates/llms/src/base_llm/ocr/handler.rs
+++ b/litellm-rust/crates/llms/src/base_llm/ocr/handler.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@ use litellm_host::interceptors::WireRequest;
 use litellm_http::{
     Client, ClientVariant, HttpClientConfig, HttpClientPool,
     media::{MediaFetcher, UrlPolicy},
-    outbound::{OutboundRequest, RequestSigner},
+    outbound::{RequestSigner, json, signed},
+    request::header_pairs,
     transport,
 };
 use serde::{Serialize, de::DeserializeOwned};
@@ -128,22 +129,14 @@ pub async fn ocr<C: BaseOcrConfig>(
 ) -> Result<LiteLLMOcrResponse, Error> {
     let http = config.prepare_request(request, client, hooks).await?;
     let url = http.url().to_string();
-    let headers = http.headers().to_vec();
-    let response = http
-        .send(client.provider_http())
+    let headers = header_pairs(http.headers());
+    let response = client
+        .provider_http()
+        .execute(http)
         .await
         .map_err(transport_error)?;
     if !response.status().is_success() {
-        let headers = response
-            .headers()
-            .iter()
-            .filter_map(|(name, value)| {
-                value
-                    .to_str()
-                    .ok()
-                    .map(|value| (name.to_string(), value.to_string()))
-            })
-            .collect();
+        let headers = header_pairs(response.headers());
         return match read_response_bytes(response, request.connection.max_response_bytes).await {
             Err(Error::Transport(transport::Error::Http { status, body })) => {
                 Err(config.get_error_class(body, status, headers))
@@ -225,7 +218,7 @@ pub async fn transform_request_body<C: BaseOcrConfig, B: Serialize>(
     body: B,
     signer: Option<&dyn RequestSigner>,
     hooks: &dyn CallHooks<Error>,
-) -> Result<OutboundRequest, Error> {
+) -> Result<reqwest::Request, Error> {
     let composed = litellm_core_utils::call_arguments::compose_body(
         &request.optional_params,
         &body,
@@ -241,17 +234,16 @@ pub async fn transform_request_body<C: BaseOcrConfig, B: Serialize>(
         });
     }
     config.validate_request_body(&changed.body)?;
-    let timeout = Some(request.connection.timeout);
+    let built = json(
+        url,
+        &changed.headers,
+        &changed.body,
+        Some(request.connection.timeout),
+    )?;
     Ok(match signer {
-        Some(signer) => OutboundRequest::signed_json(
-            url.into(),
-            changed.headers,
-            &changed.body,
-            timeout,
-            signer,
-        ),
-        None => OutboundRequest::json(url.into(), changed.headers, &changed.body, timeout),
-    }?)
+        Some(signer) => signed(built, signer)?,
+        None => built,
+    })
 }
 
 fn wire_request(url: &str, headers: &[(String, String)], body: Value) -> WireRequest {
@@ -267,10 +259,10 @@ pub fn build_http_request(
     url: String,
     headers: Vec<(String, String)>,
     body: &impl Serialize,
-) -> Result<OutboundRequest, Error> {
-    Ok(OutboundRequest::json(
-        url,
-        headers,
+) -> Result<reqwest::Request, Error> {
+    Ok(json(
+        &url,
+        &headers,
         body,
         Some(request.connection.timeout),
     )?)
diff --git a/litellm-rust/crates/llms/src/base_llm/ocr/transformation.rs b/litellm-rust/crates/llms/src/base_llm/ocr/transformation.rs
index 2da0e1abbfc..73e7b64638d 100644
--- a/litellm-rust/crates/llms/src/base_llm/ocr/transformation.rs
+++ b/litellm-rust/crates/llms/src/base_llm/ocr/transformation.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
-use litellm_llms_types::formats::ocr::{LiteLLMOcrResponse, OcrDocument, OcrResponseFormat};
-use std::{collections::BTreeMap, future::Future, sync::Arc, time::Duration};
-
-use litellm_auth::{InputSource, SecretValue, Sourced, TokenProviderHandle};
-use litellm_core_utils::{call_arguments::CallArguments, settings::ProcessEnvironment};
-use litellm_http::outbound::{OutboundRequest, RequestSigner};
-use litellm_secrets::source::Secrets;
 use serde::{
     Serialize,
     de::{DeserializeOwned, IntoDeserializer},
 };
 use serde_json::{Map, Value};
+use std::{collections::BTreeMap, future::Future, sync::Arc, time::Duration};
+
+use litellm_auth::{InputSource, SecretValue, Sourced, TokenProviderHandle};
+use litellm_core_utils::{call_arguments::CallArguments, settings::ProcessEnvironment};
+use litellm_http::outbound::RequestSigner;
+use litellm_llms_types::formats::ocr::{LiteLLMOcrResponse, OcrDocument, OcrResponseFormat};
+use litellm_secrets::source::Secrets;
 
 use crate::base_llm::ocr::{
     error::Error,
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ pub trait BaseOcrConfig: Send + Sync + Sized + 'static {
         request: &PreparedOcrRequest,
         client: &OcrClient,
         hooks: &dyn CallHooks<Error>,
-    ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<OutboundRequest, Error>> + Send {
+    ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<reqwest::Request, Error>> + Send {
         async move {
             let params = self.map_ocr_params(&request.optional_params, &request.model)?;
             let environment = self.validate_environment(request, client).await?;
diff --git a/litellm-rust/crates/llms/src/reducto/ocr/transformation.rs b/litellm-rust/crates/llms/src/reducto/ocr/transformation.rs
index 9b991b75e5b..fc73ce7c014 100644
--- a/litellm-rust/crates/llms/src/reducto/ocr/transformation.rs
+++ b/litellm-rust/crates/llms/src/reducto/ocr/transformation.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,5 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
-use litellm_core_utils::{
-    call_arguments::{CallArguments, compose_body},
-    params::OpaqueParams,
-    url_utils::ApiUrl,
-};
-use litellm_http::outbound::OutboundRequest;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 use serde_json::{Map, Value, json};
 
@@ -18,6 +12,11 @@ use crate::base_llm::ocr::{
         decode_and_normalize_response,
     },
 };
+use litellm_core_utils::{
+    call_arguments::{CallArguments, compose_body},
+    params::OpaqueParams,
+    url_utils::ApiUrl,
+};
 use litellm_llms_types::formats::ocr::{
     LiteLLMOcrResponse, OcrDocument, OcrPage, OcrResponseFormat, OcrUsageInfo,
 };
@@ -173,7 +172,7 @@ impl BaseOcrConfig for ReductoParseV3Config {
         request: &PreparedOcrRequest,
         client: &OcrClient,
         hooks: &dyn CallHooks<Error>,
-    ) -> Result<OutboundRequest, Error> {
+    ) -> Result<reqwest::Request, Error> {
         prepare_upload_request(self, request, client, hooks).await
     }
 }
@@ -262,7 +261,7 @@ impl BaseOcrConfig for ReductoParseLegacyConfig {
         request: &PreparedOcrRequest,
         client: &OcrClient,
         hooks: &dyn CallHooks<Error>,
-    ) -> Result<OutboundRequest, Error> {
+    ) -> Result<reqwest::Request, Error> {
         prepare_upload_request(self, request, client, hooks).await
     }
 }
@@ -275,7 +274,7 @@ async fn prepare_upload_request<C: BaseOcrConfig<Environment = Vec<(String, Stri
     request: &PreparedOcrRequest,
     client: &OcrClient,
     hooks: &dyn CallHooks<Error>,
-) -> Result<OutboundRequest, Error> {
+) -> Result<reqwest::Request, Error> {
     let params = config.map_ocr_params(&request.optional_params, &request.model)?;
     let headers = config.validate_environment(request, client).await?;
     let url = config.get_complete_url(request, &params, &headers)?;