diff --git a/litellm/litellm_core_utils/prompt_templates/factory.py b/litellm/litellm_core_utils/prompt_templates/factory.py
index c907ed32b95..16d8e93cbfc 100644
--- a/litellm/litellm_core_utils/prompt_templates/factory.py
+++ b/litellm/litellm_core_utils/prompt_templates/factory.py
@@ -2018,6 +2018,223 @@ def anthropic_process_openai_file_message(
     )
 
 
+def _sanitize_empty_text_content(
+    message: AllMessageValues,
+) -> AllMessageValues:
+    """
+    Case C: Sanitize empty text content
+    - Replace empty or whitespace-only text content with a placeholder message.
+        
+    Returns:
+        The message with sanitized content if needed, otherwise the original message
+    """
+    if message.get("role") in ["user", "assistant"]:
+        content = message.get("content")
+        if isinstance(content, str):
+            if not content or not content.strip():
+                message = dict(message)  # Make a copy
+                message["content"] = "[System: Empty message content sanitised to satisfy protocol]"
+                verbose_logger.debug(
+                    f"_sanitize_empty_text_content: Replaced empty text content in {message.get('role')} message"
+                )
+    return message
+
+
+def _add_missing_tool_results(
+    current_message: AllMessageValues,
+    messages: List[AllMessageValues],
+    current_index: int,
+) -> List[AllMessageValues]:
+    """
+    Case A: Missing tool_result for tool_use (orphaned tool calls)
+    - If an assistant message has tool_calls but no corresponding tool result follows,
+      add a dummy tool result message indicating the user did not provide the result.
+
+    Returns:
+        A list containing the assistant message followed by any dummy tool results needed
+    """
+    result_messages: List[AllMessageValues] = []
+    tool_calls = current_message.get("tool_calls")
+    
+    if not tool_calls or len(tool_calls) == 0:
+        return [current_message]
+    
+    # Collect all tool_call_ids from this assistant message
+    expected_tool_call_ids = set()
+    for tool_call in tool_calls:
+        tool_call_id = None
+        if isinstance(tool_call, dict):
+            tool_call_id = tool_call.get("id")
+        else:
+            tool_call_id = getattr(tool_call, "id", None)
+        if tool_call_id:
+            expected_tool_call_ids.add(tool_call_id)
+    
+    found_tool_call_ids = set()
+    j = current_index + 1
+    
+    while j < len(messages):
+        next_msg = messages[j]
+        next_role = next_msg.get("role")
+        
+        if next_role == "assistant":
+            break
+        
+        if next_role in ["tool", "function"]:
+            tool_call_id = next_msg.get("tool_call_id")
+            if tool_call_id:
+                found_tool_call_ids.add(tool_call_id)
+        
+        j += 1
+    
+    # Find missing tool results
+    missing_tool_call_ids = expected_tool_call_ids - found_tool_call_ids
+    
+    if missing_tool_call_ids:
+        verbose_logger.debug(
+            f"_add_missing_tool_results: Found {len(missing_tool_call_ids)} orphaned tool calls. Adding dummy tool results."
+        )
+        
+        result_messages.append(current_message)
+        
+        for tool_call_id in missing_tool_call_ids:
+            tool_name = "unknown_tool"
+            for tool_call in tool_calls:
+                tc_id = None
+                if isinstance(tool_call, dict):
+                    tc_id = tool_call.get("id")
+                else:
+                    tc_id = getattr(tool_call, "id", None)
+                
+                if tc_id == tool_call_id:
+                    if isinstance(tool_call, dict):
+                        function = tool_call.get("function", {})
+                        if isinstance(function, dict):
+                            tool_name = function.get("name", "unknown_tool")
+                        else:
+                            tool_name = getattr(function, "name", "unknown_tool")
+                    else:
+                        function = getattr(tool_call, "function", None)
+                        if function:
+                            tool_name = getattr(function, "name", "unknown_tool")
+                    break
+            
+            dummy_tool_result: ChatCompletionToolMessage = {
+                "role": "tool",
+                "tool_call_id": tool_call_id,
+                "content": f"[System: Tool execution skipped/interrupted by user. No result provided for tool '{tool_name}'.]",
+            }
+            result_messages.append(dummy_tool_result)
+        
+        return result_messages
+    
+    return [current_message]
+
+
+def _is_orphaned_tool_result(
+    current_message: AllMessageValues,
+    sanitized_messages: List[AllMessageValues],
+) -> bool:
+    """
+    Case B: Orphaned tool_result (unexpected result)
+    - Check if a tool message references a tool_call_id that doesn't exist in the previous
+      assistant message.
+        
+    Returns:
+        True if this is an orphaned tool result that should be removed, False otherwise
+    """
+    if current_message.get("role") not in ["tool", "function"]:
+        return False
+    
+    tool_call_id = current_message.get("tool_call_id")
+    
+    if not tool_call_id:
+        return False
+    
+    # Look back to find the most recent assistant message with tool_calls
+    found_matching_tool_call = False
+    
+    for j in range(len(sanitized_messages) - 1, -1, -1):
+        prev_msg = sanitized_messages[j]
+        if prev_msg.get("role") == "assistant":
+            tool_calls = prev_msg.get("tool_calls")
+            if tool_calls:
+                for tool_call in tool_calls:
+                    tc_id = None
+                    if isinstance(tool_call, dict):
+                        tc_id = tool_call.get("id")
+                    else:
+                        tc_id = getattr(tool_call, "id", None)
+                    
+                    if tc_id == tool_call_id:
+                        found_matching_tool_call = True
+                        break
+            
+            break
+    
+    if not found_matching_tool_call:
+        verbose_logger.debug(
+            f"_is_orphaned_tool_result: Found orphaned tool result with tool_call_id={tool_call_id}"
+        )
+        return True
+    
+    return False
+
+
+def sanitize_messages_for_tool_calling(
+    messages: List[AllMessageValues],
+) -> List[AllMessageValues]:
+    """
+    Sanitize messages for tool calling to handle common issues when modify_params=True:
+    
+    Case A: Missing tool_result for tool_use (orphaned tool calls)
+    - If an assistant message has tool_calls but no corresponding tool result follows,
+      add a dummy tool result message indicating the user did not provide the result.
+    
+    Case B: Orphaned tool_result (unexpected result)
+    - If a tool message references a tool_call_id that doesn't exist in the previous
+      assistant message, remove that tool message.
+    
+    Case C: Empty text content
+    - Replace empty or whitespace-only text content with a placeholder message.
+    
+    This function operates on OpenAI format messages before they are converted to
+    provider-specific formats.
+    """
+    if not litellm.modify_params:
+        return messages
+    
+    sanitized_messages: List[AllMessageValues] = []
+    i = 0
+    
+    while i < len(messages):
+        current_message = messages[i]
+        
+        # Case C: Sanitize empty text content
+        current_message = _sanitize_empty_text_content(current_message)
+        
+        # Case A: Check if assistant message has tool_calls without following tool results
+        if current_message.get("role") == "assistant":
+            result_messages = _add_missing_tool_results(current_message, messages, i)
+            
+            # If dummy tool results were added, extend sanitized_messages and continue
+            if len(result_messages) > 1:
+                sanitized_messages.extend(result_messages)
+                i += 1
+                continue
+        
+        # Case B: Check for orphaned tool results
+        if _is_orphaned_tool_result(current_message, sanitized_messages):
+            i += 1
+            continue  # Skip this orphaned tool result
+        
+        # Add the message to sanitized list
+        sanitized_messages.append(current_message)
+        i += 1
+    
+    return sanitized_messages
+
+
 def anthropic_messages_pt(  # noqa: PLR0915
     messages: List[AllMessageValues],
     model: str,
@@ -2037,6 +2254,9 @@ def anthropic_messages_pt(  # noqa: PLR0915
     5. System messages are a separate param to the Messages API
     6. Ensure we only accept role, content. (message.name is not supported)
     """
+    # Sanitize messages for tool calling issues when modify_params=True
+    messages = sanitize_messages_for_tool_calling(messages)
+    
     # add role=tool support to allow function call result/error submission
     user_message_types = {"user", "tool", "function"}
     # reformat messages to ensure user/assistant are alternating, if there's either 2 consecutive 'user' messages or 2 consecutive 'assistant' message, merge them.
diff --git a/tests/test_litellm/llms/anthropic/test_message_sanitization.py b/tests/test_litellm/llms/anthropic/test_message_sanitization.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..489ef527b48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_litellm/llms/anthropic/test_message_sanitization.py
@@ -0,0 +1,380 @@
+"""
+Test message sanitization for Anthropic API when modify_params=True
+
+Tests three cases:
+A. Missing tool_result for tool_use (orphaned tool calls)
+B. Orphaned tool_result without matching tool_use
+C. Empty text content
+"""
+
+import pytest
+import sys
+import os
+
+# Add the parent directory to the path so we can import litellm
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "../../../..")))
+
+import litellm
+from litellm.litellm_core_utils.prompt_templates.factory import (
+    sanitize_messages_for_tool_calling,
+    anthropic_messages_pt,
+)
+
+
+class TestMessageSanitization:
+    """Test message sanitization for tool calling scenarios"""
+
+    def setup_method(self):
+        """Setup for each test"""
+        # Save original modify_params value
+        self.original_modify_params = litellm.modify_params
+        litellm.modify_params = True
+
+    def teardown_method(self):
+        """Cleanup after each test"""
+        # Restore original modify_params value
+        litellm.modify_params = self.original_modify_params
+
+    def test_case_a_orphaned_tool_call_single(self):
+        """
+        Test Case A: Assistant message with tool_calls but no tool result
+        Should add a dummy tool result message
+        """
+        messages = [
+            {
+                "role": "user",
+                "content": "What is the weather in Nashik?"
+            },
+            {
+                "role": "assistant",
+                "content": None,
+                "tool_calls": [
+                    {
+                        "id": "toolu_01Kus2cC3ydjBW7UK4GJqBP4",
+                        "type": "function",
+                        "function": {
+                            "name": "get_weather",
+                            "arguments": '{"location": "Nashik, India"}'
+                        }
+                    }
+                ]
+            }
+        ]
+
+        sanitized = sanitize_messages_for_tool_calling(messages)
+
+        # Should have 3 messages: user, assistant, and dummy tool result
+        assert len(sanitized) == 3
+        assert sanitized[0]["role"] == "user"
+        assert sanitized[1]["role"] == "assistant"
+        assert sanitized[2]["role"] == "tool"
+        assert sanitized[2]["tool_call_id"] == "toolu_01Kus2cC3ydjBW7UK4GJqBP4"
+        assert "skipped" in sanitized[2]["content"].lower() or "interrupted" in sanitized[2]["content"].lower()
+        assert "get_weather" in sanitized[2]["content"]
+
+    def test_case_a_orphaned_tool_call_multiple(self):
+        """
+        Test Case A: Assistant message with multiple tool_calls, some missing results
+        """
+        messages = [
+            {
+                "role": "user",
+                "content": "Get weather for Nashik and Mumbai"
+            },
+            {
+                "role": "assistant",
+                "content": None,
+                "tool_calls": [
+                    {
+                        "id": "call_1",
+                        "type": "function",
+                        "function": {
+                            "name": "get_weather",
+                            "arguments": '{"location": "Nashik"}'
+                        }
+                    },
+                    {
+                        "id": "call_2",
+                        "type": "function",
+                        "function": {
+                            "name": "get_weather",
+                            "arguments": '{"location": "Mumbai"}'
+                        }
+                    }
+                ]
+            },
+            {
+                "role": "tool",
+                "tool_call_id": "call_1",
+                "content": "Weather in Nashik: 25°C"
+            }
+        ]
+
+        sanitized = sanitize_messages_for_tool_calling(messages)
+
+        # Should have 4 messages: user, assistant, tool result for call_1, dummy for call_2
+        assert len(sanitized) == 4
+        assert sanitized[0]["role"] == "user"
+        assert sanitized[1]["role"] == "assistant"
+        assert sanitized[2]["tool_call_id"] == "call_2"  # Dummy added first
+        assert sanitized[3]["tool_call_id"] == "call_1"  # Original tool result
+
+    def test_case_b_orphaned_tool_result(self):
+        """
+        Test Case B: Tool result without matching tool_call in previous assistant message
+        Should remove the orphaned tool result
+        """
+        messages = [
+            {
+                "role": "user",
+                "content": "Hello"
+            },
+            {
+                "role": "assistant",
+                "content": "Hi there!"
+            },
+            {
+                "role": "tool",
+                "tool_call_id": "nonexistent_id",
+                "content": "Some result"
+            }
+        ]
+
+        sanitized = sanitize_messages_for_tool_calling(messages)
+
+        # Should have only 2 messages, orphaned tool result removed
+        assert len(sanitized) == 2
+        assert sanitized[0]["role"] == "user"
+        assert sanitized[1]["role"] == "assistant"
+
+    def test_case_b_valid_tool_result_preserved(self):
+        """
+        Test Case B: Valid tool result with matching tool_call should be preserved
+        """
+        messages = [
+            {
+                "role": "user",
+                "content": "What's the weather?"
+            },
+            {
+                "role": "assistant",
+                "content": None,
+                "tool_calls": [
+                    {
+                        "id": "call_123",
+                        "type": "function",
+                        "function": {
+                            "name": "get_weather",
+                            "arguments": '{"location": "Boston"}'
+                        }
+                    }
+                ]
+            },
+            {
+                "role": "tool",
+                "tool_call_id": "call_123",
+                "content": "Weather: 20°C"
+            }
+        ]
+
+        sanitized = sanitize_messages_for_tool_calling(messages)
+
+        # All messages should be preserved
+        assert len(sanitized) == 3
+        assert sanitized[2]["role"] == "tool"
+        assert sanitized[2]["tool_call_id"] == "call_123"
+
+    def test_case_c_empty_text_content_user(self):
+        """
+        Test Case C: Empty text content in user message
+        Should replace with placeholder
+        """
+        messages = [
+            {
+                "role": "user",
+                "content": ""
+            },
+            {
+                "role": "assistant",
+                "content": "Hello!"
+            }
+        ]
+
+        sanitized = sanitize_messages_for_tool_calling(messages)
+
+        assert len(sanitized) == 2
+        assert sanitized[0]["role"] == "user"
+        assert sanitized[0]["content"] == "[System: Empty message content sanitised to satisfy protocol]"
+
+    def test_case_c_whitespace_only_content(self):
+        """
+        Test Case C: Whitespace-only content
+        Should replace with placeholder
+        """
+        messages = [
+            {
+                "role": "user",
+                "content": "   \n  \t  "
+            },
+            {
+                "role": "assistant",
+                "content": "  "
+            }
+        ]
+
+        sanitized = sanitize_messages_for_tool_calling(messages)
+
+        assert len(sanitized) == 2
+        assert sanitized[0]["content"] == "[System: Empty message content sanitised to satisfy protocol]"
+        assert sanitized[1]["content"] == "[System: Empty message content sanitised to satisfy protocol]"
+
+    def test_case_c_valid_content_preserved(self):
+        """
+        Test Case C: Valid non-empty content should be preserved
+        """
+        messages = [
+            {
+                "role": "user",
+                "content": "Hello"
+            },
+            {
+                "role": "assistant",
+                "content": "Hi there!"
+            }
+        ]
+
+        sanitized = sanitize_messages_for_tool_calling(messages)
+
+        assert len(sanitized) == 2
+        assert sanitized[0]["content"] == "Hello"
+        assert sanitized[1]["content"] == "Hi there!"
+
+    def test_combined_cases(self):
+        """
+        Test combination of multiple cases
+        """
+        messages = [
+            {
+                "role": "user",
+                "content": "Get weather"
+            },
+            {
+                "role": "assistant",
+                "content": None,
+                "tool_calls": [
+                    {
+                        "id": "call_1",
+                        "type": "function",
+                        "function": {
+                            "name": "get_weather",
+                            "arguments": '{"location": "NYC"}'
+                        }
+                    }
+                ]
+            },
+            # Missing tool result for call_1
+            {
+                "role": "user",
+                "content": ""  # Empty content
+            },
+            {
+                "role": "assistant",
+                "content": "Response"
+            },
+            {
+                "role": "tool",
+                "tool_call_id": "orphaned_id",  # Orphaned tool result
+                "content": "Some data"
+            }
+        ]
+
+        sanitized = sanitize_messages_for_tool_calling(messages)
+
+        # Should have: user, assistant, dummy tool result, user (sanitized), assistant
+        # Orphaned tool result should be removed
+        assert len(sanitized) == 5
+        assert sanitized[0]["role"] == "user"
+        assert sanitized[1]["role"] == "assistant"
+        assert sanitized[2]["role"] == "tool"
+        assert sanitized[2]["tool_call_id"] == "call_1"  # Dummy added
+        assert sanitized[3]["role"] == "user"
+        assert sanitized[3]["content"] == "[System: Empty message content sanitised to satisfy protocol]"
+        assert sanitized[4]["role"] == "assistant"
+
+    def test_modify_params_false_no_sanitization(self):
+        """
+        Test that sanitization is skipped when modify_params=False
+        """
+        litellm.modify_params = False
+
+        messages = [
+            {
+                "role": "user",
+                "content": ""
+            },
+            {
+                "role": "assistant",
+                "content": None,
+                "tool_calls": [
+                    {
+                        "id": "call_1",
+                        "type": "function",
+                        "function": {
+                            "name": "get_weather",
+                            "arguments": '{}'
+                        }
+                    }
+                ]
+            }
+        ]
+
+        sanitized = sanitize_messages_for_tool_calling(messages)
+
+        # Messages should be unchanged
+        assert len(sanitized) == 2
+        assert sanitized[0]["content"] == ""
+        assert len(sanitized[1].get("tool_calls", [])) == 1
+
+    def test_anthropic_messages_pt_integration(self):
+        """
+        Test that sanitization is integrated into anthropic_messages_pt
+        """
+        litellm.modify_params = True
+
+        messages = [
+            {
+                "role": "user",
+                "content": "What is the weather in Nashik?"
+            },
+            {
+                "role": "assistant",
+                "content": None,
+                "tool_calls": [
+                    {
+                        "id": "toolu_01Kus2cC3ydjBW7UK4GJqBP4",
+                        "type": "function",
+                        "function": {
+                            "name": "get_weather",
+                            "arguments": '{"location": "Nashik, India"}'
+                        }
+                    }
+                ]
+            }
+        ]
+
+        # This should not raise an error and should add dummy tool result
+        result = anthropic_messages_pt(
+            messages=messages,
+            model="claude-sonnet-4-5",
+            llm_provider="anthropic"
+        )
+
+        # Should have at least 2 messages (user and assistant)
+        # The tool result will be merged into user content
+        assert len(result) >= 2
+        assert result[0]["role"] == "user"
+        assert result[1]["role"] == "assistant"
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    pytest.main([__file__, "-v"])