From 21055e3fd840375f11a9f90d8b8e1c176284c79b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Techboy bebop <142545999+kumarpriyanshu09@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 27 Sep 2026 00:15:12 -0400
Subject: [PATCH] fix(tools): salvage concatenated JSON tool call arguments
 (#43260)

* fix(tools): salvage concatenated JSON tool call arguments

* fix(tools): harden concatenated tool-call salvage for review findings

Skip non-dict JSON during split so salvage cannot emit empty tool calls.
Collapse srvtoolu_ expansions to the first object so server results stay paired.
Allocate __concat_n ids that cannot collide with sibling tool call ids.
Propagate cache_control onto every expanded Anthropic tool_use block.
Rename the XML invoke loop variable so the key-leak gate no longer flags {args}

* test(tools): cover concat id bump and srvtoolu array keep

Only collapse srvtoolu_ when concatenated salvage expanded; a valid JSON
array argument stays one server tool input

* revert(anthropic): drop concat expansion from pass-through adapter

Co-authored-by: Techboy bebop  <kumarpriyanshu09@users.noreply.github.com>

* revert(tools): keep concat salvage out of request-side tool converters

Co-authored-by: Techboy bebop  <kumarpriyanshu09@users.noreply.github.com>

* fix(tools): expand strictly salvaged concatenated tool arguments in normalized tool calls

Co-authored-by: Techboy bebop  <kumarpriyanshu09@users.noreply.github.com>

* fix(tools): retain at most the salvage cap while validating concatenated arguments

Co-authored-by: Techboy bebop  <kumarpriyanshu09@users.noreply.github.com>

* test(tools): assert concat sibling ids unique after sanitization

A sibling id that only collides after colon-to-underscore sanitization must force the next concat suffix

Co-authored-by: Techboy bebop  <kumarpriyanshu09@users.noreply.github.com>

* refactor(tools): drop unused strict mode from split_concatenated_json_objects

Strict mode had no production caller. Rejection cases now sit on salvage, and split matches upstream main

Co-authored-by: Techboy bebop  <kumarpriyanshu09@users.noreply.github.com>

---------

Co-authored-by: Techboy bebop <kumarpriyanshu09@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 .../prompt_templates/common_utils.py          |  55 ++
 .../prompt_templates/factory.py               | 210 +++++--
 ...ore_utils_prompt_templates_common_utils.py |  40 +-
 ...llm_core_utils_prompt_templates_factory.py | 540 +++++++++---------
 4 files changed, 527 insertions(+), 318 deletions(-)

diff --git a/litellm/litellm_core_utils/prompt_templates/common_utils.py b/litellm/litellm_core_utils/prompt_templates/common_utils.py
index 41563d501a9..e555d7e8ec0 100644
--- a/litellm/litellm_core_utils/prompt_templates/common_utils.py
+++ b/litellm/litellm_core_utils/prompt_templates/common_utils.py
@@ -2503,6 +2503,61 @@ def split_concatenated_json_objects(raw: str) -> list[dict[str, object]]:
     return results
 
 
+MAX_SALVAGED_TOOL_ARGUMENT_OBJECTS: Final = 8
+
+
+def salvage_concatenated_tool_arguments(raw: str) -> tuple[dict[str, object], ...]:
+    """Return complete concatenated JSON objects that are safe to expand.
+
+    Identical objects collapse to the first one and are not capped. More than
+    ``MAX_SALVAGED_TOOL_ARGUMENT_OBJECTS`` objects that are not all identical
+    returns an empty tuple. Anything that is not a full concatenation of JSON
+    objects returns an empty tuple. Repeated copies of the first object are not
+    retained, and once the cap is passed the rest of the string is only checked.
+    """
+    stripped: Final = raw.strip()
+    if not stripped:
+        return ()
+    decoder: Final = json.JSONDecoder()
+    length: Final = len(stripped)
+    idx = 0  # rebind-ok: cursor walks the concatenated JSON string
+    count = 0  # rebind-ok: counts complete objects without retaining duplicates
+    kept = ()  # rebind-ok: holds at most one object past the salvage cap
+    exceeded = False  # rebind-ok: cap already passed, the tail is only validated
+    while idx < length:
+        while idx < length and stripped[idx] in " \t\n\r":
+            idx += 1
+        if idx >= length:
+            break
+        try:
+            obj, end_idx = decoder.raw_decode(stripped, idx)
+        except json.JSONDecodeError:
+            return ()
+        if not isinstance(obj, dict):
+            return ()
+        idx = end_idx
+        if exceeded:
+            continue
+        count += 1
+        if not kept:
+            kept = (obj,)
+            continue
+        if obj == kept[0] and len(kept) == 1:
+            continue
+        if len(kept) == 1 and count > 2 and count - 1 > MAX_SALVAGED_TOOL_ARGUMENT_OBJECTS:
+            exceeded = True
+            continue
+        if len(kept) == 1 and count > 2:
+            kept = (kept[0],) * (count - 1)
+        if len(kept) >= MAX_SALVAGED_TOOL_ARGUMENT_OBJECTS:
+            exceeded = True
+            continue
+        kept = (*kept, obj)
+    if exceeded:
+        return ()
+    return kept
+
+
 def text_completion_prompt_to_messages(prompt: object) -> tuple[AllMessageValues, ...]:
     """
     Wrap an OpenAI ``/v1/completions`` ``prompt`` into Chat Completion messages.
diff --git a/litellm/litellm_core_utils/prompt_templates/factory.py b/litellm/litellm_core_utils/prompt_templates/factory.py
index 7b12d1e939f..c4e242fd360 100644
--- a/litellm/litellm_core_utils/prompt_templates/factory.py
+++ b/litellm/litellm_core_utils/prompt_templates/factory.py
@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
 import base64
 import copy
 import hashlib
+import itertools
 import json
 import mimetypes
 import re
 import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
 from collections.abc import Iterator, Mapping, Sequence
 from enum import Enum
+from types import MappingProxyType
 from typing import Any, Final, TypeAlias, TypedDict, cast, overload
 
 from jinja2.sandbox import ImmutableSandboxedEnvironment
@@ -52,6 +54,7 @@ from .common_utils import (
     is_non_content_values_set,
     is_unsignable_thinking_block,
     parse_tool_call_arguments,
+    salvage_concatenated_tool_arguments,
 )
 from .image_handling import convert_url_to_base64
 
@@ -5381,80 +5384,167 @@ class NormalizedToolCall(TypedDict):
     arguments: dict[str, object]
 
 
-def _parse_tool_call_arguments(raw: object, tool_name: str | None, context: str) -> dict[str, object]:
+_ArgumentObjects: TypeAlias = tuple[dict[str, object], ...]
+_ParsedToolCall: TypeAlias = tuple[str | None, str | None, _ArgumentObjects]
+
+
+def _optional_call_id(value: object) -> str | None:
+    if isinstance(value, str) and value:
+        return value
+    return None
+
+
+def _optional_tool_name(value: object) -> str | None:
+    if isinstance(value, str):
+        return value
+    return None
+
+
+def _split_tool_call_ids(calls: Sequence[tuple[str | None, int]]) -> tuple[tuple[str | None, ...], ...]:
+    taken: Final = frozenset(_sanitize_anthropic_tool_use_id(call_id) for call_id, _ in calls if call_id)
+
+    def fresh(call_id: str) -> Iterator[str]:
+        return filter(
+            lambda candidate: _sanitize_anthropic_tool_use_id(candidate) not in taken,
+            (f"{call_id}__concat_{n}" for n in itertools.count(1)),
+        )
+
+    suffixes: Final = MappingProxyType(
+        {_sanitize_anthropic_tool_use_id(call_id): fresh(call_id) for call_id, count in calls if call_id and count > 1}
+    )
+    return tuple(
+        (
+            call_id,
+            *(next(suffixes[_sanitize_anthropic_tool_use_id(call_id)]) for _ in range(count - 1)),
+        )
+        if call_id
+        else (None,) * count
+        for call_id, count in calls
+    )
+
+
+def _parse_tool_call_arguments(raw: object, tool_name: str | None, context: str) -> _ArgumentObjects:
     # Anthropic's tool_use blocks already carry a parsed dict in "input";
     # chat completions and the Responses API carry a JSON string that may be
     # truncated by the model, so route those through the repair-aware parser.
     if isinstance(raw, dict):
-        return raw
+        return (raw,)
     if not isinstance(raw, str):
-        return {}
+        return ({},)
     normalized_raw: Final = "{}" if raw == REDACTED_BY_LITELLM else raw
-    from litellm.litellm_core_utils.prompt_templates.common_utils import (
-        parse_tool_call_arguments,
-    )
-
     try:
         parsed: Final = parse_tool_call_arguments(normalized_raw, tool_name=tool_name, context=context)
     except ValueError as e:
+        salvaged: Final = salvage_concatenated_tool_arguments(normalized_raw)
+        if salvaged:
+            verbose_logger.warning(
+                "Recovered %d tool call(s) from concatenated JSON arguments for tool '%s' (%s)",
+                len(salvaged),
+                tool_name or "<unknown>",
+                context,
+            )
+            return salvaged
         verbose_logger.warning("Failed to parse tool call arguments: %s", e)
-        return {}
-    return parsed if isinstance(parsed, dict) else {}
+        return ({},)
+    return (parsed,) if isinstance(parsed, dict) else ({},)
+
+
+def _choice_tool_calls(choice: object) -> tuple[object, ...]:
+    message: Final = get_attribute_or_key(choice, "message", None)
+    tool_calls: Final = get_attribute_or_key(message, "tool_calls", None) if message is not None else None
+    if isinstance(tool_calls, list):
+        return tuple(tool_calls)
+    return ()
+
+
+def _selected_choices(response: object, include_all_choices: bool) -> tuple[object, ...]:
+    choices: Final = get_attribute_or_key(response, "choices", None)
+    if not isinstance(choices, list) or not choices:
+        return ()
+    if include_all_choices:
+        return tuple(choices)
+    return (choices[0],)
+
+
+def _parsed_chat_tool_call(tool_call: object) -> _ParsedToolCall | None:
+    function: Final = get_attribute_or_key(tool_call, "function", None)
+    if function is None:
+        return None
+    name: Final = _optional_tool_name(get_attribute_or_key(function, "name"))
+    return (
+        _optional_call_id(get_attribute_or_key(tool_call, "id")),
+        name,
+        _parse_tool_call_arguments(
+            get_attribute_or_key(function, "arguments", "{}"),
+            tool_name=name,
+            context="chat completions",
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+def _parsed_calls_in_choice(choice: object) -> tuple[_ParsedToolCall, ...]:
+    return tuple(
+        parsed for tool_call in _choice_tool_calls(choice) if (parsed := _parsed_chat_tool_call(tool_call)) is not None
+    )
+
+
+def _parsed_chat_tool_calls(response: object, include_all_choices: bool) -> tuple[_ParsedToolCall, ...]:
+    grouped: Final = tuple(
+        _parsed_calls_in_choice(choice) for choice in _selected_choices(response, include_all_choices)
+    )
+    return tuple(itertools.chain.from_iterable(grouped))
+
+
+def _normalized_tool_calls_for_parse(
+    name: str | None,
+    call_ids: tuple[str | None, ...],
+    arguments: _ArgumentObjects,
+) -> tuple[NormalizedToolCall, ...]:
+    return tuple(
+        NormalizedToolCall(id=call_id, name=name, arguments=argument)
+        for call_id, argument in zip(call_ids, arguments, strict=True)
+    )
+
+
+def _normalized_tool_calls_from_parses(parses: Sequence[_ParsedToolCall]) -> tuple[NormalizedToolCall, ...]:
+    id_groups: Final = _split_tool_call_ids(tuple((call_id, len(arguments)) for call_id, _, arguments in parses))
+    grouped: Final = tuple(
+        _normalized_tool_calls_for_parse(name, call_ids, arguments)
+        for (_, name, arguments), call_ids in zip(parses, id_groups, strict=True)
+    )
+    return tuple(itertools.chain.from_iterable(grouped))
 
 
 def _tool_calls_from_chat_completion_response(
     response: object, include_all_choices: bool = False
-) -> list[NormalizedToolCall]:
-    choices: Final = get_attribute_or_key(response, "choices", None)
-    if not (isinstance(choices, list) and choices):
-        return []
-    tool_calls: Final[list[object]] = []
-    for choice in choices if include_all_choices else choices[:1]:
-        message = get_attribute_or_key(choice, "message", None)
-        choice_tool_calls = get_attribute_or_key(message, "tool_calls", None) if message else None
-        if isinstance(choice_tool_calls, list):
-            tool_calls.extend(choice_tool_calls)
-    result: Final[list[NormalizedToolCall]] = []
-    for tc in tool_calls:
-        fn = get_attribute_or_key(tc, "function", None)
-        if fn is None:
-            continue
-        name = get_attribute_or_key(fn, "name")
-        result.append(
-            NormalizedToolCall(
-                id=get_attribute_or_key(tc, "id"),
-                name=name,
-                arguments=_parse_tool_call_arguments(
-                    get_attribute_or_key(fn, "arguments", "{}"),
-                    tool_name=name,
-                    context="chat completions",
-                ),
-            )
-        )
-    return result
+) -> tuple[NormalizedToolCall, ...]:
+    return _normalized_tool_calls_from_parses(_parsed_chat_tool_calls(response, include_all_choices))
 
 
-def _tool_calls_from_responses_api_response(response: object) -> list[NormalizedToolCall]:
+def _response_function_calls(response: object) -> tuple[object, ...]:
     output: Final = get_attribute_or_key(response, "output", None)
     if not isinstance(output, list):
-        return []
-    result: Final[list[NormalizedToolCall]] = []
-    for item in output:
-        if get_attribute_or_key(item, "type") != "function_call":
-            continue
-        name = get_attribute_or_key(item, "name")
-        result.append(
-            NormalizedToolCall(
-                id=get_attribute_or_key(item, "call_id") or get_attribute_or_key(item, "id"),
-                name=name,
-                arguments=_parse_tool_call_arguments(
-                    get_attribute_or_key(item, "arguments", "{}"),
-                    tool_name=name,
-                    context="responses API",
-                ),
-            )
-        )
-    return result
+        return ()
+    return tuple(item for item in output if get_attribute_or_key(item, "type") == "function_call")
+
+
+def _parsed_response_tool_call(item: object) -> _ParsedToolCall:
+    name: Final = _optional_tool_name(get_attribute_or_key(item, "name"))
+    raw_id: Final = get_attribute_or_key(item, "call_id") or get_attribute_or_key(item, "id")
+    return (
+        _optional_call_id(raw_id),
+        name,
+        _parse_tool_call_arguments(
+            get_attribute_or_key(item, "arguments", "{}"),
+            tool_name=name,
+            context="responses API",
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+def _tool_calls_from_responses_api_response(response: object) -> tuple[NormalizedToolCall, ...]:
+    parses: Final = tuple(_parsed_response_tool_call(item) for item in _response_function_calls(response))
+    return _normalized_tool_calls_from_parses(parses)
 
 
 def _tool_calls_from_anthropic_messages_response(response: object) -> list[NormalizedToolCall]:
@@ -5494,16 +5584,18 @@ def get_tool_calls_from_response(response: object, include_all_choices: bool = F
     Callers that only care about a specific tool should filter the result by
     ``name`` themselves -- this returns every tool call found.
     """
-    chat_tool_calls = _tool_calls_from_chat_completion_response(response, include_all_choices=include_all_choices)
+    chat_tool_calls: Final = _tool_calls_from_chat_completion_response(
+        response, include_all_choices=include_all_choices
+    )
     if chat_tool_calls:
-        return chat_tool_calls
+        return list(chat_tool_calls)
     for extractor in (
         _tool_calls_from_responses_api_response,
         _tool_calls_from_anthropic_messages_response,
     ):
         tool_calls = extractor(response)
         if tool_calls:
-            return tool_calls
+            return list(tool_calls)
     return []
 
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/litellm_core_utils/prompt_templates/test_litellm_core_utils_prompt_templates_common_utils.py b/tests/unit/litellm_core_utils/prompt_templates/test_litellm_core_utils_prompt_templates_common_utils.py
index 79c50bf2369..45fc93f04c1 100644
--- a/tests/unit/litellm_core_utils/prompt_templates/test_litellm_core_utils_prompt_templates_common_utils.py
+++ b/tests/unit/litellm_core_utils/prompt_templates/test_litellm_core_utils_prompt_templates_common_utils.py
@@ -20,7 +20,9 @@ from litellm.litellm_core_utils.prompt_templates.common_utils import (
     hoist_images_from_tool_messages,
     is_encrypted_reasoning_block,
     merge_consecutive_system_messages,
+    parse_tool_call_arguments,
     responses_reasoning_items_from_thinking_blocks,
+    salvage_concatenated_tool_arguments,
     split_concatenated_json_objects,
     strip_encrypted_reasoning_from_messages,
     system_messages_first,
@@ -269,6 +271,40 @@ def test_split_concatenated_json_salvages_prefix_before_truncated_tail():
     assert result == [{"a": 1}, {"b": 2}]
 
 
+def test_parse_tool_call_arguments_rejects_concatenated_json() -> None:
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Failed to parse tool call arguments"):
+        parse_tool_call_arguments('{"a":1}{"b":2}')
+
+
+def _distinct_json_objects(count: int) -> str:
+    return "".join(json.dumps({"n": index}, separators=(",", ":")) for index in range(count))
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("raw", "expected"),
+    (
+        ('{"a":1}{"b":2}', ({"a": 1}, {"b": 2})),
+        ('{"a":1}{"a":1}{"a":1}', ({"a": 1},)),
+        ('{"a":1}{"a":1}{"b":2}', ({"a": 1}, {"a": 1}, {"b": 2})),
+        (_distinct_json_objects(8), tuple({"n": index} for index in range(8))),
+        (_distinct_json_objects(9), ()),
+        (_distinct_json_objects(9) + " junk", ()),
+        ('{"a":1}' * 7 + '{"b":2}', tuple({"a": 1} for _ in range(7)) + ({"b": 2},)),
+        ('{"a":1}' * 8 + '{"b":2}', ()),
+        ('{"a":1}' * 5000, ({"a": 1},)),
+        ('{"a":1}' * 20, ({"a": 1},)),
+        ('{"a":1}{"b":', ()),
+        ('0{"x":1}', ()),
+        ('{"x":1}0', ()),
+        ('[1]{"x":1}', ()),
+        ('{"a":1}{"b":2}}', ()),
+        ('{"a":1} junk', ()),
+    ),
+)
+def test_salvage_concatenated_tool_arguments(raw: str, expected: tuple[dict[str, object], ...]) -> None:
+    assert salvage_concatenated_tool_arguments(raw) == expected
+
+
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Regression tests for non-OpenAI file content blocks.
 #
@@ -1949,6 +1985,8 @@ class TestMergeConsecutiveSystemMessages:
         assert merged == [{"role": "system", "content": expected_content}, {"role": "user", "content": "Hello"}]
 
     def test_keeps_the_first_message_when_no_system_message_in_the_run_has_content(self):
-        merged = merge_consecutive_system_messages([{"role": "system"}, {"role": "system"}, {"role": "user", "content": "Hi"}])
+        merged = merge_consecutive_system_messages(
+            [{"role": "system"}, {"role": "system"}, {"role": "user", "content": "Hi"}]
+        )
 
         assert merged == [{"role": "system"}, {"role": "user", "content": "Hi"}]
diff --git a/tests/unit/litellm_core_utils/prompt_templates/test_litellm_core_utils_prompt_templates_factory.py b/tests/unit/litellm_core_utils/prompt_templates/test_litellm_core_utils_prompt_templates_factory.py
index 0c08c5dfd85..1e12a973cdb 100644
--- a/tests/unit/litellm_core_utils/prompt_templates/test_litellm_core_utils_prompt_templates_factory.py
+++ b/tests/unit/litellm_core_utils/prompt_templates/test_litellm_core_utils_prompt_templates_factory.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import base64
+import json
 import logging
 import os
 import re
@@ -16,10 +17,12 @@ from litellm.litellm_core_utils.prompt_templates.factory import (
     _bedrock_tools_pt,
     _rename_duplicate_bedrock_document_names,
     _convert_to_bedrock_tool_call_invoke,
+    _sanitize_anthropic_tool_use_id,
     _convert_to_bedrock_tool_call_result,
     anthropic_messages_pt,
     convert_to_anthropic_tool_result,
     convert_to_gemini_tool_call_result,
+    get_tool_calls_from_response,
     make_valid_bedrock_tool_name,
     ollama_pt,
     sanitize_messages_for_tool_calling,
@@ -31,9 +34,7 @@ def _get_gemini_function_response_inline_data_parts(result):
     assert isinstance(result, list), "expected Gemini parts list"
     assert len(result) == 1, "multimodal function responses should stay in one part"
     function_response_part = result[0]
-    assert (
-        "inline_data" not in function_response_part
-    ), "inline_data should be nested under function_response.parts"
+    assert "inline_data" not in function_response_part, "inline_data should be nested under function_response.parts"
     function_response = function_response_part["function_response"]
     nested_parts = function_response["parts"]
     return [part["inline_data"] for part in nested_parts if "inline_data" in part]
@@ -49,7 +50,9 @@ def test_ollama_pt_simple_messages():
 
     result = ollama_pt(model="llama2", messages=messages)
 
-    expected_prompt = "### System:\nYou are a helpful assistant\n\n### Assistant:\nHow can I help you?\n\n### User:\nHello\n\n"
+    expected_prompt = (
+        "### System:\nYou are a helpful assistant\n\n### Assistant:\nHow can I help you?\n\n### User:\nHello\n\n"
+    )
     assert isinstance(result, dict)
     assert result["prompt"] == expected_prompt
     assert result["images"] == []
@@ -104,10 +107,7 @@ async def test_anthropic_bedrock_thinking_blocks_with_none_content():
 
     # verify the result
     assert len(result) == 2
-    assert (
-        result[1]["content"][0]["reasoningContent"]["reasoningText"]["text"]
-        == "This is a test thinking block"
-    )
+    assert result[1]["content"][0]["reasoningContent"]["reasoningText"]["text"] == "This is a test thinking block"
 
 
 def test_bedrock_converse_assistant_with_empty_thinking_block_and_tool_calls():
@@ -175,11 +175,7 @@ def test_bedrock_converse_assistant_with_empty_thinking_block_and_tool_calls():
     assert len(assistant_blocks) == 1
     for block in assistant_blocks[0]["content"]:
         if "text" in block:
-            assert block[
-                "text"
-            ].strip(), (
-                f"Bedrock Converse rejects blank-text ContentBlocks; got {block!r}"
-            )
+            assert block["text"].strip(), f"Bedrock Converse rejects blank-text ContentBlocks; got {block!r}"
     # toolUse blocks must still be present
     tool_use_blocks = [b for b in assistant_blocks[0]["content"] if "toolUse" in b]
     assert len(tool_use_blocks) == 2
@@ -220,19 +216,16 @@ def test_anthropic_messages_pt_drops_unsignable_thinking_block(thinking_block):
         {"role": "user", "content": "Now what is 3+3?"},
     ]
 
-    result = anthropic_messages_pt(
-        messages=messages, model="claude-sonnet-4-6", llm_provider="anthropic"
-    )
+    result = anthropic_messages_pt(messages=messages, model="claude-sonnet-4-6", llm_provider="anthropic")
 
     assistant = next(m for m in result if m["role"] == "assistant")
     content = assistant["content"]
-    assert all(
-        block.get("type") not in ("thinking", "redacted_thinking") for block in content
-    ), f"unsignable thinking block must be dropped, got {content!r}"
-    assert any(
-        block.get("type") == "text" and block.get("text") == "2+2 equals 4."
-        for block in content
-    ), f"assistant answer text must be preserved, got {content!r}"
+    assert all(block.get("type") not in ("thinking", "redacted_thinking") for block in content), (
+        f"unsignable thinking block must be dropped, got {content!r}"
+    )
+    assert any(block.get("type") == "text" and block.get("text") == "2+2 equals 4." for block in content), (
+        f"assistant answer text must be preserved, got {content!r}"
+    )
 
 
 def test_anthropic_messages_pt_keeps_signed_thinking_block():
@@ -255,9 +248,7 @@ def test_anthropic_messages_pt_keeps_signed_thinking_block():
         {"role": "user", "content": "Now what is 3+3?"},
     ]
 
-    result = anthropic_messages_pt(
-        messages=messages, model="claude-sonnet-4-6", llm_provider="anthropic"
-    )
+    result = anthropic_messages_pt(messages=messages, model="claude-sonnet-4-6", llm_provider="anthropic")
 
     assistant = next(m for m in result if m["role"] == "assistant")
     thinking_blocks = [b for b in assistant["content"] if b.get("type") == "thinking"]
@@ -373,9 +364,7 @@ def test_bedrock_get_document_format_fallback_mimes():
     """
 
     # Test DOCX fallback
-    docx_mime = (
-        "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"
-    )
+    docx_mime = "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"
     supported_formats = ["pdf", "docx", "xlsx", "csv"]
 
     # Mock mimetypes.guess_all_extensions to return empty list (simulating Docker container scenario)
@@ -399,15 +388,11 @@ def test_bedrock_get_document_format_mimetypes_success():
     """
     Test the _get_document_format method when mimetypes.guess_all_extensions works normally.
     """
-    docx_mime = (
-        "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"
-    )
+    docx_mime = "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"
     supported_formats = ["pdf", "docx", "xlsx", "csv"]
 
     # Test normal mimetypes behavior (should not hit fallback)
-    result = BedrockImageProcessor._get_document_format(
-        mime_type=docx_mime, supported_doc_formats=supported_formats
-    )
+    result = BedrockImageProcessor._get_document_format(mime_type=docx_mime, supported_doc_formats=supported_formats)
     assert result == "docx", f"Expected 'docx', got '{result}'"
 
 
@@ -623,9 +608,7 @@ async def test_bedrock_process_image_async_factory():
 
     image_url = "data:application/pdf; qs=0.001;base64,JVBERi0xLjQKJcOkw7zDtsOfCjIgMCBvYmoKPDwvTGVuZ3RoIDMgMCBSL0ZpbHRlci9GbGF0ZURlY29kZT4"
 
-    content_block = await BedrockImageProcessor.process_image_async(
-        image_url=image_url, format=None
-    )
+    content_block = await BedrockImageProcessor.process_image_async(image_url=image_url, format=None)
     print(f"content_block: {content_block}")
 
 
@@ -668,9 +651,7 @@ def test_unpack_defs_resolves_nested_ref_inside_anyof_items():
     items_schema = schema["properties"]["vatAmounts"]["anyOf"][0]["items"]
 
     # Assertions: items_schema should now be the resolved object, not an empty dict
-    assert isinstance(
-        items_schema, dict
-    ), "Items schema should be a dict after unpacking"
+    assert isinstance(items_schema, dict), "Items schema should be a dict after unpacking"
     assert items_schema.get("type") == "object"
     # Ensure essential properties are present
     assert set(items_schema.get("properties", {}).keys()) == {"vatRate", "vatAmount"}
@@ -861,9 +842,7 @@ def test_convert_gemini_tool_call_result_with_multiple_anthropic_image_blocks():
         last_message_with_tool_calls=last_message_with_tool_calls,
     )
     inline_parts = _get_gemini_function_response_inline_data_parts(result)
-    assert (
-        len(inline_parts) == 2
-    ), f"expected 2 inline_data parts, got {len(inline_parts)}"
+    assert len(inline_parts) == 2, f"expected 2 inline_data parts, got {len(inline_parts)}"
     mime_types = {p["mime_type"] for p in inline_parts}
     assert mime_types == {"image/png", "image/jpeg"}
 
@@ -899,9 +878,7 @@ def test_convert_gemini_tool_call_result_with_data_url_string():
         last_message_with_tool_calls=last_message_with_tool_calls,
     )
     inline_parts = _get_gemini_function_response_inline_data_parts(result)
-    assert (
-        len(inline_parts) == 1
-    ), "data-URL image string was not converted to inline_data"
+    assert len(inline_parts) == 1, "data-URL image string was not converted to inline_data"
     assert inline_parts[0]["mime_type"] == "image/png"
     assert inline_parts[0]["data"] == tiny_png_b64
 
@@ -937,9 +914,9 @@ def test_convert_gemini_tool_call_result_with_data_url_extra_params():
     )
     inline_parts = _get_gemini_function_response_inline_data_parts(result)
     assert len(inline_parts) == 1
-    assert (
-        inline_parts[0]["mime_type"] == "image/png"
-    ), f"expected clean 'image/png', got '{inline_parts[0]['mime_type']}'"
+    assert inline_parts[0]["mime_type"] == "image/png", (
+        f"expected clean 'image/png', got '{inline_parts[0]['mime_type']}'"
+    )
 
 
 def test_bedrock_tools_unpack_defs():
@@ -1036,9 +1013,7 @@ def test_bedrock_tools_pt_strict_parameter():
             },
         }
     ]
-    result = _bedrock_tools_pt(
-        tools_with_strict, model="anthropic.claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929-v1:0"
-    )
+    result = _bedrock_tools_pt(tools_with_strict, model="anthropic.claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929-v1:0")
     assert result[0]["toolSpec"]["strict"] is True
     assert result[0]["toolSpec"]["inputSchema"]["json"]["additionalProperties"] is False
 
@@ -1060,9 +1035,7 @@ def test_bedrock_tools_pt_strict_parameter():
             },
         }
     ]
-    result = _bedrock_tools_pt(
-        tools_without_strict, model="anthropic.claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929-v1:0"
-    )
+    result = _bedrock_tools_pt(tools_without_strict, model="anthropic.claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929-v1:0")
     assert "strict" not in result[0]["toolSpec"]
     assert "additionalProperties" not in result[0]["toolSpec"]["inputSchema"]["json"]
 
@@ -1085,9 +1058,7 @@ def test_bedrock_image_processor_content_type_fallback_url_extension():
 
     # Test with .png URL
     image_url = "https://example.com/test-image.png"
-    base64_bytes, content_type = BedrockImageProcessor._post_call_image_processing(
-        mock_response, image_url
-    )
+    base64_bytes, content_type = BedrockImageProcessor._post_call_image_processing(mock_response, image_url)
 
     assert content_type == "image/png"
     assert base64_bytes == base64.b64encode(png_content).decode("utf-8")
@@ -1111,9 +1082,7 @@ def test_bedrock_image_processor_content_type_fallback_binary_detection():
 
     # Test with URL without extension
     image_url = "https://example.com/test-image-without-extension"
-    base64_bytes, content_type = BedrockImageProcessor._post_call_image_processing(
-        mock_response, image_url
-    )
+    base64_bytes, content_type = BedrockImageProcessor._post_call_image_processing(mock_response, image_url)
 
     assert content_type == "image/jpeg"
     assert base64_bytes == base64.b64encode(jpeg_content).decode("utf-8")
@@ -1136,9 +1105,7 @@ def test_bedrock_image_processor_content_type_fallback_application_octet_stream(
 
     # Test with .gif URL
     image_url = "https://s3.amazonaws.com/bucket/image.gif"
-    base64_bytes, content_type = BedrockImageProcessor._post_call_image_processing(
-        mock_response, image_url
-    )
+    base64_bytes, content_type = BedrockImageProcessor._post_call_image_processing(mock_response, image_url)
 
     assert content_type == "image/gif"
     assert base64_bytes == base64.b64encode(gif_content).decode("utf-8")
@@ -1161,9 +1128,7 @@ def test_bedrock_image_processor_content_type_with_query_params():
 
     # Test with URL containing query parameters (common in S3 signed URLs)
     image_url = "https://s3.amazonaws.com/bucket/image.webp?AWSAccessKeyId=123&Expires=456&Signature=789"
-    base64_bytes, content_type = BedrockImageProcessor._post_call_image_processing(
-        mock_response, image_url
-    )
+    base64_bytes, content_type = BedrockImageProcessor._post_call_image_processing(mock_response, image_url)
 
     assert content_type == "image/webp"
     assert base64_bytes == base64.b64encode(webp_content).decode("utf-8")
@@ -1185,9 +1150,7 @@ def test_bedrock_image_processor_content_type_normal_header():
     mock_response.content = png_content
 
     image_url = "https://example.com/test-image.png"
-    base64_bytes, content_type = BedrockImageProcessor._post_call_image_processing(
-        mock_response, image_url
-    )
+    base64_bytes, content_type = BedrockImageProcessor._post_call_image_processing(mock_response, image_url)
 
     assert content_type == "image/png"
     assert base64_bytes == base64.b64encode(png_content).decode("utf-8")
@@ -1207,7 +1170,7 @@ def test_bedrock_image_processor_content_type_fallback_failure():
     # Test with URL without recognizable extension
     image_url = "https://example.com/unknown-file"
 
-    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='Unable to determine content type from URL: https') as excinfo:
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Unable to determine content type from URL: https") as excinfo:
         BedrockImageProcessor._post_call_image_processing(mock_response, image_url)
 
     assert "Unable to determine content type" in str(excinfo.value)
@@ -1227,16 +1190,12 @@ def test_bedrock_image_processor_content_type_jpeg_variants():
 
     # Test with .jpg extension
     image_url_jpg = "https://example.com/photo.jpg"
-    _, content_type_jpg = BedrockImageProcessor._post_call_image_processing(
-        mock_response, image_url_jpg
-    )
+    _, content_type_jpg = BedrockImageProcessor._post_call_image_processing(mock_response, image_url_jpg)
     assert content_type_jpg == "image/jpeg"
 
     # Test with .jpeg extension
     image_url_jpeg = "https://example.com/photo.jpeg"
-    _, content_type_jpeg = BedrockImageProcessor._post_call_image_processing(
-        mock_response, image_url_jpeg
-    )
+    _, content_type_jpeg = BedrockImageProcessor._post_call_image_processing(mock_response, image_url_jpeg)
     assert content_type_jpeg == "image/jpeg"
 
 
@@ -1258,9 +1217,7 @@ def test_bedrock_image_processor_content_type_pdf_document():
 
     # Test with .pdf URL
     pdf_url = "https://s3.amazonaws.com/bucket/document.pdf"
-    base64_bytes, content_type = BedrockImageProcessor._post_call_image_processing(
-        mock_response, pdf_url
-    )
+    base64_bytes, content_type = BedrockImageProcessor._post_call_image_processing(mock_response, pdf_url)
 
     assert content_type == "application/pdf"
     assert base64_bytes == base64.b64encode(pdf_content).decode("utf-8")
@@ -1293,12 +1250,8 @@ def test_bedrock_image_processor_content_type_document_formats():
     ]
 
     for url, expected_mime in test_cases:
-        _, content_type = BedrockImageProcessor._post_call_image_processing(
-            mock_response, url
-        )
-        assert (
-            content_type == expected_mime
-        ), f"Expected {expected_mime} for {url}, got {content_type}"
+        _, content_type = BedrockImageProcessor._post_call_image_processing(mock_response, url)
+        assert content_type == expected_mime, f"Expected {expected_mime} for {url}, got {content_type}"
 
 
 def test_bedrock_image_processor_content_type_s3_pdf_with_query():
@@ -1317,9 +1270,7 @@ def test_bedrock_image_processor_content_type_s3_pdf_with_query():
     # S3 signed URL with query parameters
     s3_url = "https://my-bucket.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/documents/report.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIOSFODNN7EXAMPLE&Expires=1234567890&Signature=abcdef123456"
 
-    base64_bytes, content_type = BedrockImageProcessor._post_call_image_processing(
-        mock_response, s3_url
-    )
+    base64_bytes, content_type = BedrockImageProcessor._post_call_image_processing(mock_response, s3_url)
 
     assert content_type == "application/pdf"
     assert base64_bytes == base64.b64encode(pdf_content).decode("utf-8")
@@ -1428,12 +1379,8 @@ def test_bedrock_create_bedrock_block_normalized_base64():
     base64_content = base64.b64encode(pdf_content).decode("utf-8")
 
     # Create versions with different whitespace
-    base64_with_newlines = "\n".join(
-        [base64_content[i : i + 64] for i in range(0, len(base64_content), 64)]
-    )
-    base64_with_spaces = " ".join(
-        [base64_content[i : i + 32] for i in range(0, len(base64_content), 32)]
-    )
+    base64_with_newlines = "\n".join([base64_content[i : i + 64] for i in range(0, len(base64_content), 64)])
+    base64_with_spaces = " ".join([base64_content[i : i + 32] for i in range(0, len(base64_content), 32)])
 
     # Create blocks
     block1 = BedrockImageProcessor._create_bedrock_block(
@@ -1565,9 +1512,7 @@ def test_bedrock_create_bedrock_block_document_name_format():
 
     # Check format: DocumentPDFmessages_{16_hex_chars}_{format}
     pattern = r"^DocumentPDFmessages_[0-9a-f]{16}_pdf$"
-    assert re.match(
-        pattern, document_name
-    ), f"Document name format mismatch: {document_name}"
+    assert re.match(pattern, document_name), f"Document name format mismatch: {document_name}"
 
 
 def test_bedrock_create_bedrock_block_different_document_formats():
@@ -1620,9 +1565,7 @@ def test_bedrock_nova_web_search_options_mapping():
     assert system_tool["name"] == "nova_grounding"
 
     # Test with search_context_size (should be ignored for Nova)
-    result2 = config._map_web_search_options(
-        {"search_context_size": "high"}, "us.amazon.nova-premier-v1:0"
-    )
+    result2 = config._map_web_search_options({"search_context_size": "high"}, "us.amazon.nova-premier-v1:0")
 
     assert result2 is not None
     system_tool2 = result2.get("systemTool")
@@ -1688,9 +1631,7 @@ def test_bedrock_tools_pt_drops_unmappable_responses_builtin_tools():
         {"type": "custom", "name": "free_form"},
     ]
 
-    result = _bedrock_tools_pt(
-        tools=tools, model="anthropic.claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929-v1:0"
-    )
+    result = _bedrock_tools_pt(tools=tools, model="anthropic.claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929-v1:0")
 
     names = [block["toolSpec"]["name"] for block in result if "toolSpec" in block]
     assert names == ["noop"]
@@ -1720,9 +1661,7 @@ def test_bedrock_tools_pt_keeps_anthropic_input_schema_tools():
         },
     ]
 
-    result = _bedrock_tools_pt(
-        tools=tools, model="anthropic.claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929-v1:0"
-    )
+    result = _bedrock_tools_pt(tools=tools, model="anthropic.claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929-v1:0")
 
     names = [block["toolSpec"]["name"] for block in result if "toolSpec" in block]
     assert names == ["lookup"]
@@ -1924,9 +1863,7 @@ def test_anthropic_messages_pt_server_tool_use_passthrough():
                     "tool_use_id": "srvtoolu_01ABC123",
                     "content": {
                         "type": "tool_search_tool_search_result",
-                        "tool_references": [
-                            {"type": "tool_reference", "tool_name": "get_time"}
-                        ],
+                        "tool_references": [{"type": "tool_reference", "tool_name": "get_time"}],
                     },
                 },
                 {"type": "text", "text": "I found the time tool. How can I help you?"},
@@ -1954,20 +1891,14 @@ def test_anthropic_messages_pt_server_tool_use_passthrough():
 
     # Verify server_tool_use block is preserved
     assert "server_tool_use" in content_types
-    server_tool_use_block = next(
-        b for b in assistant_msg["content"] if b.get("type") == "server_tool_use"
-    )
+    server_tool_use_block = next(b for b in assistant_msg["content"] if b.get("type") == "server_tool_use")
     assert server_tool_use_block["id"] == "srvtoolu_01ABC123"
     assert server_tool_use_block["name"] == "tool_search_tool_regex"
     assert server_tool_use_block["input"] == {"query": ".*time.*"}
 
     # Verify tool_search_tool_result block is preserved
     assert "tool_search_tool_result" in content_types
-    tool_result_block = next(
-        b
-        for b in assistant_msg["content"]
-        if b.get("type") == "tool_search_tool_result"
-    )
+    tool_result_block = next(b for b in assistant_msg["content"] if b.get("type") == "tool_search_tool_result")
     assert tool_result_block["tool_use_id"] == "srvtoolu_01ABC123"
     assert tool_result_block["content"]["type"] == "tool_search_tool_search_result"
     assert tool_result_block["content"]["tool_references"][0]["tool_name"] == "get_time"
@@ -2019,9 +1950,7 @@ def test_bedrock_tools_unpack_defs_no_oom_with_nested_refs():
                 "anyOf": [
                     {"$ref": "#/$defs/Literal"},
                     {"$ref": "#/$defs/FieldRef"},
-                    {
-                        "$ref": "#/$defs/Expression"
-                    },  # Circular: Operand -> Expression -> Operand
+                    {"$ref": "#/$defs/Expression"},  # Circular: Operand -> Expression -> Operand
                 ],
             },
             "Literal": {
@@ -2155,9 +2084,7 @@ def test_anthropic_messages_pt_file_block_cache_control_with_explicit_provider()
 
     file_block = content_blocks[0]
     assert file_block["type"] == "document"
-    assert (
-        "cache_control" in file_block
-    ), "cache_control should be preserved on file/document content blocks"
+    assert "cache_control" in file_block, "cache_control should be preserved on file/document content blocks"
     assert file_block["cache_control"]["type"] == "ephemeral"
 
     text_block = content_blocks[1]
@@ -2365,22 +2292,16 @@ def test_bedrock_tool_call_invoke_concatenated_json():
     # First block keeps original tool id
     assert result[0]["toolUse"]["toolUseId"] == "tooluse_L7I3TewYAUhoheJZQEuwVN"
     assert result[0]["toolUse"]["name"] == "shell"
-    assert result[0]["toolUse"]["input"] == {
-        "command": ["curl", "-i", "http://localhost:9009", "-m", "10"]
-    }
+    assert result[0]["toolUse"]["input"] == {"command": ["curl", "-i", "http://localhost:9009", "-m", "10"]}
 
     # Subsequent blocks get suffixed ids
     assert result[1]["toolUse"]["toolUseId"] == "tooluse_L7I3TewYAUhoheJZQEuwVN_1"
     assert result[1]["toolUse"]["name"] == "shell"
-    assert result[1]["toolUse"]["input"] == {
-        "command": ["curl", "-i", "http://localhost:9009/robots.txt", "-m", "5"]
-    }
+    assert result[1]["toolUse"]["input"] == {"command": ["curl", "-i", "http://localhost:9009/robots.txt", "-m", "5"]}
 
     assert result[2]["toolUse"]["toolUseId"] == "tooluse_L7I3TewYAUhoheJZQEuwVN_2"
     assert result[2]["toolUse"]["name"] == "shell"
-    assert result[2]["toolUse"]["input"] == {
-        "command": ["curl", "-i", "http://localhost:9009/sitemap.xml", "-m", "5"]
-    }
+    assert result[2]["toolUse"]["input"] == {"command": ["curl", "-i", "http://localhost:9009/sitemap.xml", "-m", "5"]}
 
 
 def test_bedrock_tool_call_invoke_concatenated_json_with_cache_control():
@@ -2535,9 +2456,7 @@ def test_bedrock_tool_call_invoke_unconvertible_raises_non_retryable_bad_request
 def test_make_valid_bedrock_tool_name_preserves_hyphens():
     assert make_valid_bedrock_tool_name("my-tool") == "my-tool"
     assert (
-        make_valid_bedrock_tool_name(
-            "CreateCaseKnowledgeArticle_foTWsqR6yDt-OnSsvR5e6Q"
-        )
+        make_valid_bedrock_tool_name("CreateCaseKnowledgeArticle_foTWsqR6yDt-OnSsvR5e6Q")
         == "CreateCaseKnowledgeArticle_foTWsqR6yDt-OnSsvR5e6Q"
     )
 
@@ -2564,9 +2483,7 @@ def test_bedrock_tool_name_sanitized_consistently_in_tools_and_tool_use():
             "function": {"name": raw_name, "arguments": "{}"},
         }
     ]
-    tool_use_name = _convert_to_bedrock_tool_call_invoke(tool_calls)[0]["toolUse"][
-        "name"
-    ]
+    tool_use_name = _convert_to_bedrock_tool_call_invoke(tool_calls)[0]["toolUse"]["name"]
 
     assert tool_spec_name == "foo_bar"
     assert tool_use_name == tool_spec_name
@@ -2589,15 +2506,8 @@ def test_bedrock_converse_messages_pt_tool_use_matches_tool_spec_hyphen_name():
             ],
         },
     ]
-    translated = _bedrock_converse_messages_pt(
-        messages=messages, model="", llm_provider=""
-    )
-    tool_use_blocks = [
-        block
-        for msg in translated
-        for block in msg.get("content", [])
-        if "toolUse" in block
-    ]
+    translated = _bedrock_converse_messages_pt(messages=messages, model="", llm_provider="")
+    tool_use_blocks = [block for msg in translated for block in msg.get("content", []) if "toolUse" in block]
     assert len(tool_use_blocks) == 1
     assert tool_use_blocks[0]["toolUse"]["name"] == tool_name
 
@@ -2694,11 +2604,7 @@ def test_sanitize_messages_deduplicates_tool_results():
         result = sanitize_messages_for_tool_calling(messages)
 
         # Count tool messages with this ID — should be exactly 1
-        tool_results = [
-            m
-            for m in result
-            if m.get("role") == "tool" and m.get("tool_call_id") == "call_abc123"
-        ]
+        tool_results = [m for m in result if m.get("role") == "tool" and m.get("tool_call_id") == "call_abc123"]
         assert len(tool_results) == 1
         # Should keep the LAST occurrence (most complete)
         assert tool_results[0]["content"] == '{"temperature": 72, "condition": "sunny"}'
@@ -2833,11 +2739,7 @@ def test_sanitize_messages_dedup_scoped_per_turn_preserves_cross_turn():
         result = sanitize_messages_for_tool_calling(messages)
 
         # Both tool results must survive — one per turn
-        tool_results = [
-            m
-            for m in result
-            if m.get("role") == "tool" and m.get("tool_call_id") == "call_X"
-        ]
+        tool_results = [m for m in result if m.get("role") == "tool" and m.get("tool_call_id") == "call_X"]
         assert len(tool_results) == 2, (
             f"Expected 2 tool results (one per turn), got {len(tool_results)}. "
             "Dedup may be global instead of per-turn scoped."
@@ -2891,32 +2793,26 @@ def test_sanitize_messages_combined_case_a_and_case_d():
         tool_results = [m for m in result if m.get("role") in ("tool", "function")]
 
         # Case A: call_missing should have a dummy result injected
-        missing_results = [
-            m for m in tool_results if m.get("tool_call_id") == "call_missing"
-        ]
-        assert (
-            len(missing_results) == 1
-        ), f"Expected 1 dummy result for call_missing (Case A), got {len(missing_results)}"
+        missing_results = [m for m in tool_results if m.get("tool_call_id") == "call_missing"]
+        assert len(missing_results) == 1, (
+            f"Expected 1 dummy result for call_missing (Case A), got {len(missing_results)}"
+        )
 
         # Case D: call_duped should have exactly 1 result (the fresh one)
-        duped_results = [
-            m for m in tool_results if m.get("tool_call_id") == "call_duped"
-        ]
-        assert (
-            len(duped_results) == 1
-        ), f"Expected 1 result for call_duped after dedup (Case D), got {len(duped_results)}"
-        assert (
-            duped_results[0]["content"] == "fresh_result"
-        ), f"Expected last-wins 'fresh_result', got '{duped_results[0]['content']}'"
+        duped_results = [m for m in tool_results if m.get("tool_call_id") == "call_duped"]
+        assert len(duped_results) == 1, (
+            f"Expected 1 result for call_duped after dedup (Case D), got {len(duped_results)}"
+        )
+        assert duped_results[0]["content"] == "fresh_result", (
+            f"Expected last-wins 'fresh_result', got '{duped_results[0]['content']}'"
+        )
 
         # Verify tool results immediately follow the assistant message
         asst_idx = next(i for i, m in enumerate(result) if m.get("role") == "assistant")
-        tool_msgs_after_asst = [
-            m for m in result[asst_idx + 1 :] if m.get("role") in ("tool", "function")
-        ]
-        assert (
-            len(tool_msgs_after_asst) == 2
-        ), f"Expected 2 tool results after assistant, got {len(tool_msgs_after_asst)}"
+        tool_msgs_after_asst = [m for m in result[asst_idx + 1 :] if m.get("role") in ("tool", "function")]
+        assert len(tool_msgs_after_asst) == 2, (
+            f"Expected 2 tool results after assistant, got {len(tool_msgs_after_asst)}"
+        )
         # Both tool_call_ids should be present (order may vary)
         tool_ids = {m["tool_call_id"] for m in tool_msgs_after_asst}
         assert tool_ids == {
@@ -2958,9 +2854,7 @@ def test_anthropic_messages_pt_file_block_preserves_cache_control():
         }
     ]
 
-    result = anthropic_messages_pt(
-        messages, model="claude-sonnet-4-20250514", llm_provider="anthropic"
-    )
+    result = anthropic_messages_pt(messages, model="claude-sonnet-4-20250514", llm_provider="anthropic")
 
     content_blocks = result[0]["content"]
     assert len(content_blocks) == 2
@@ -2968,9 +2862,7 @@ def test_anthropic_messages_pt_file_block_preserves_cache_control():
     # Document block (from file) should preserve cache_control
     doc_block = content_blocks[0]
     assert doc_block["type"] == "document"
-    assert (
-        "cache_control" in doc_block
-    ), "cache_control was dropped from file/document block"
+    assert "cache_control" in doc_block, "cache_control was dropped from file/document block"
     assert doc_block["cache_control"]["type"] == "ephemeral"
 
     # Text block should also preserve cache_control
@@ -3013,9 +2905,7 @@ def test_add_cache_point_tool_block_passes_ttl_for_claude_4_5(monkeypatch):
         }
 
         # Claude 4.5 model: ttl should be preserved
-        result = add_cache_point_tool_block(
-            tool_with_1h, model="jp.anthropic.claude-opus-4-7"
-        )
+        result = add_cache_point_tool_block(tool_with_1h, model="jp.anthropic.claude-opus-4-7")
         assert result is not None
         assert result["cachePoint"]["type"] == "default"
         assert result["cachePoint"]["ttl"] == "1h"
@@ -3024,16 +2914,12 @@ def test_add_cache_point_tool_block_passes_ttl_for_claude_4_5(monkeypatch):
         tool_with_5m = {
             "cache_control": {"type": "ephemeral", "ttl": "5m"},
         }
-        result_5m = add_cache_point_tool_block(
-            tool_with_5m, model="jp.anthropic.claude-opus-4-7"
-        )
+        result_5m = add_cache_point_tool_block(tool_with_5m, model="jp.anthropic.claude-opus-4-7")
         assert result_5m is not None
         assert result_5m["cachePoint"]["ttl"] == "5m"
 
         # Older model: ttl should be stripped
-        result_old = add_cache_point_tool_block(
-            tool_with_1h, model="anthropic.claude-3-5-sonnet-20241022-v2:0"
-        )
+        result_old = add_cache_point_tool_block(tool_with_1h, model="anthropic.claude-3-5-sonnet-20241022-v2:0")
         assert result_old is not None
         assert result_old["cachePoint"]["type"] == "default"
         assert "ttl" not in result_old["cachePoint"]
@@ -3052,9 +2938,7 @@ def test_add_cache_point_tool_block_passes_ttl_for_claude_4_5(monkeypatch):
 
         # cache_control without ttl: returns default cachePoint (unchanged behavior)
         tool_no_ttl = {"cache_control": {"type": "ephemeral"}}
-        result_no_ttl = add_cache_point_tool_block(
-            tool_no_ttl, model="us.anthropic.claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929-v1:0"
-        )
+        result_no_ttl = add_cache_point_tool_block(tool_no_ttl, model="us.anthropic.claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929-v1:0")
         assert result_no_ttl is not None
         assert result_no_ttl["cachePoint"]["type"] == "default"
         assert "ttl" not in result_no_ttl["cachePoint"]
@@ -3127,9 +3011,7 @@ def test_bedrock_tools_pt_passes_ttl_for_claude_4_5(monkeypatch):
         assert cache_blocks[0]["cachePoint"]["ttl"] == "1h"
 
         # Older model: cachePoint should not have ttl
-        result_old = _bedrock_tools_pt(
-            tools, model="anthropic.claude-3-5-sonnet-20241022-v2:0"
-        )
+        result_old = _bedrock_tools_pt(tools, model="anthropic.claude-3-5-sonnet-20241022-v2:0")
         cache_blocks_old = [b for b in result_old if "cachePoint" in b]
         assert len(cache_blocks_old) == 1
         assert "ttl" not in cache_blocks_old[0]["cachePoint"]
@@ -3204,9 +3086,7 @@ def test_bedrock_converse_messages_pt_document_various_formats():
             }
         ]
 
-        result = _bedrock_converse_messages_pt(
-            messages, "anthropic.claude-sonnet-4-6", "bedrock"
-        )
+        result = _bedrock_converse_messages_pt(messages, "anthropic.claude-sonnet-4-6", "bedrock")
 
         doc_block = result[0]["content"][0]
         assert doc_block["document"]["format"] == expected_format, (
@@ -3233,12 +3113,8 @@ def test_bedrock_converse_messages_pt_document_deterministic_name():
         }
     ]
 
-    result1 = _bedrock_converse_messages_pt(
-        messages, "anthropic.claude-sonnet-4-6", "bedrock"
-    )
-    result2 = _bedrock_converse_messages_pt(
-        messages, "anthropic.claude-sonnet-4-6", "bedrock"
-    )
+    result1 = _bedrock_converse_messages_pt(messages, "anthropic.claude-sonnet-4-6", "bedrock")
+    result2 = _bedrock_converse_messages_pt(messages, "anthropic.claude-sonnet-4-6", "bedrock")
 
     name1 = result1[0]["content"][0]["document"]["name"]
     name2 = result2[0]["content"][0]["document"]["name"]
@@ -3272,34 +3148,18 @@ def test_bedrock_converse_messages_pt_renames_duplicate_document_names():
         },
     ]
 
-    result1 = _bedrock_converse_messages_pt(
-        messages, "anthropic.claude-sonnet-4-6", "bedrock"
-    )
-    result2 = _bedrock_converse_messages_pt(
-        messages, "anthropic.claude-sonnet-4-6", "bedrock"
-    )
+    result1 = _bedrock_converse_messages_pt(messages, "anthropic.claude-sonnet-4-6", "bedrock")
+    result2 = _bedrock_converse_messages_pt(messages, "anthropic.claude-sonnet-4-6", "bedrock")
 
-    names1 = [
-        block["document"]["name"]
-        for message in result1
-        for block in message["content"]
-        if "document" in block
-    ]
-    names2 = [
-        block["document"]["name"]
-        for message in result2
-        for block in message["content"]
-        if "document" in block
-    ]
+    names1 = [block["document"]["name"] for message in result1 for block in message["content"] if "document" in block]
+    names2 = [block["document"]["name"] for message in result2 for block in message["content"] if "document" in block]
 
     assert len(names1) == 2
     assert len(set(names1)) == 2
     assert names1[1] == f"{names1[0]}_2"
     assert names1 == names2
 
-    single_turn = _bedrock_converse_messages_pt(
-        [messages[0]], "anthropic.claude-sonnet-4-6", "bedrock"
-    )
+    single_turn = _bedrock_converse_messages_pt([messages[0]], "anthropic.claude-sonnet-4-6", "bedrock")
     assert names1[0] == single_turn[0]["content"][0]["document"]["name"]
 
 
@@ -3321,14 +3181,10 @@ def test_rename_duplicate_bedrock_document_names_skips_organic_suffixes():
     def _names(contents):
         return [block["document"]["name"] for block in contents[0]["content"]]
 
-    organic_first = _rename_duplicate_bedrock_document_names(
-        _contents(["report", "report_2", "report"])
-    )
+    organic_first = _rename_duplicate_bedrock_document_names(_contents(["report", "report_2", "report"]))
     assert _names(organic_first) == ["report", "report_2", "report_3"]
 
-    organic_last = _rename_duplicate_bedrock_document_names(
-        _contents(["report", "report", "report_2"])
-    )
+    organic_last = _rename_duplicate_bedrock_document_names(_contents(["report", "report", "report_2"]))
     assert _names(organic_last) == ["report", "report_3", "report_2"]
 
 
@@ -3350,18 +3206,11 @@ def test_bedrock_converse_messages_pt_document_rejects_url_source():
     ]
 
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="only supports base64-encoded"):
-        _bedrock_converse_messages_pt(
-            messages, "anthropic.claude-sonnet-4-6", "bedrock"
-        )
+        _bedrock_converse_messages_pt(messages, "anthropic.claude-sonnet-4-6", "bedrock")
 
 
 def _collect_cache_points(blocks):
-    return [
-        block["cachePoint"]
-        for message in blocks
-        for block in message["content"]
-        if "cachePoint" in block
-    ]
+    return [block["cachePoint"] for message in blocks for block in message["content"] if "cachePoint" in block]
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
@@ -3527,6 +3376,189 @@ def test_get_tool_calls_from_response_warns_for_malformed_arguments(caplog):
     assert "Failed to parse tool call arguments" in caplog.text
 
 
+def _concatenated_json(*payloads: dict[str, object]) -> str:
+    return "".join(json.dumps(payload, separators=(",", ":")) for payload in payloads)
+
+
+def _function_tool_call(call_id: str | None, name: str, arguments: str) -> dict[str, object]:
+    return {"id": call_id, "function": {"name": name, "arguments": arguments}}
+
+
+def _chat_tool_response(*tool_calls: dict[str, object]) -> dict[str, object]:
+    return {"choices": [{"message": {"tool_calls": list(tool_calls)}}]}
+
+
+def test_get_tool_calls_from_response_expands_distinct_concatenated_arguments(caplog):
+    raw = '{"flag":true}{"box":"A","limit":50}'
+    response: Final = _chat_tool_response(_function_tool_call("call_move", "move", raw))
+
+    with caplog.at_level(logging.WARNING, logger="LiteLLM"):
+        tool_calls: Final = get_tool_calls_from_response(response)
+
+    assert tool_calls == [
+        {"id": "call_move", "name": "move", "arguments": {"flag": True}},
+        {"id": "call_move__concat_1", "name": "move", "arguments": {"box": "A", "limit": 50}},
+    ]
+    assert "Recovered 2 tool call(s)" in caplog.text
+    assert "move" in caplog.text
+    assert "flag" not in caplog.text
+
+
+def test_get_tool_calls_from_response_expands_responses_api_concatenated_arguments():
+    response: Final = {
+        "output": [
+            {
+                "type": "function_call",
+                "call_id": "call_move",
+                "name": "move",
+                "arguments": '{"flag":true}{"box":"A","limit":50}',
+            }
+        ]
+    }
+
+    assert get_tool_calls_from_response(response) == [
+        {"id": "call_move", "name": "move", "arguments": {"flag": True}},
+        {"id": "call_move__concat_1", "name": "move", "arguments": {"box": "A", "limit": 50}},
+    ]
+
+
+def test_get_tool_calls_from_response_collapses_identical_concatenated_arguments():
+    response: Final = _chat_tool_response(_function_tool_call("call_move", "move", '{"flag":true}' * 3))
+
+    assert get_tool_calls_from_response(response) == [
+        {"id": "call_move", "name": "move", "arguments": {"flag": True}},
+    ]
+
+
+def test_get_tool_calls_from_response_does_not_expand_a_valid_json_array():
+    response: Final = _chat_tool_response(_function_tool_call("call_batch", "batch", '[{"a":1},{"b":2}]'))
+
+    assert get_tool_calls_from_response(response) == [
+        {"id": "call_batch", "name": "batch", "arguments": {}},
+    ]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("arguments", ('{"a":1}{"b":', '0{"x":1}'))
+def test_get_tool_calls_from_response_drops_partial_concatenated_arguments(arguments: str, caplog):
+    response: Final = _chat_tool_response(_function_tool_call("call_move", "move", arguments))
+
+    with caplog.at_level(logging.WARNING, logger="LiteLLM"):
+        tool_calls: Final = get_tool_calls_from_response(response)
+
+    assert tool_calls == [{"id": "call_move", "name": "move", "arguments": {}}]
+    assert "Failed to parse tool call arguments" in caplog.text
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(("count", "expands"), ((8, True), (9, False)))
+def test_get_tool_calls_from_response_caps_distinct_concatenated_arguments(count: int, expands: bool):
+    raw = _concatenated_json(*({"n": index} for index in range(count)))
+    response: Final = _chat_tool_response(_function_tool_call("call", "move", raw))
+
+    tool_calls: Final = get_tool_calls_from_response(response)
+
+    if expands:
+        assert [call["id"] for call in tool_calls] == ["call", *(f"call__concat_{index}" for index in range(1, count))]
+        assert [call["arguments"] for call in tool_calls] == [{"n": index} for index in range(count)]
+        return
+    assert tool_calls == [{"id": "call", "name": "move", "arguments": {}}]
+
+
+def test_get_tool_calls_from_response_skips_concat_ids_taken_by_a_sibling():
+    raw = _concatenated_json({"a": 1}, {"b": 2})
+    response: Final = _chat_tool_response(
+        _function_tool_call("call", "move", raw),
+        _function_tool_call("call__concat_1", "look", '{"x":1}'),
+    )
+
+    assert [call["id"] for call in get_tool_calls_from_response(response)] == [
+        "call",
+        "call__concat_2",
+        "call__concat_1",
+    ]
+
+
+def test_get_tool_calls_from_response_keeps_sanitized_concat_ids_distinct():
+    raw = _concatenated_json({"a": 1}, {"b": 2})
+    response: Final = _chat_tool_response(
+        _function_tool_call("a:b", "move", raw),
+        _function_tool_call("a_b__concat_1", "look", '{"x":1}'),
+    )
+
+    ids: Final = [call["id"] for call in get_tool_calls_from_response(response)]
+    sanitized: Final = [_sanitize_anthropic_tool_use_id(call_id) for call_id in ids if isinstance(call_id, str)]
+
+    assert len(sanitized) == len(set(sanitized))
+    assert ids == ["a:b", "a:b__concat_2", "a_b__concat_1"]
+
+
+def test_get_tool_calls_from_response_bumps_suffix_when_sibling_sanitizes_onto_it():
+    raw = _concatenated_json({"a": 1}, {"b": 2})
+    response: Final = _chat_tool_response(
+        _function_tool_call("a_b", "move", raw),
+        _function_tool_call("a:b__concat_1", "look", '{"x":1}'),
+    )
+
+    ids: Final = [call["id"] for call in get_tool_calls_from_response(response)]
+    sanitized: Final = [_sanitize_anthropic_tool_use_id(call_id) for call_id in ids if isinstance(call_id, str)]
+
+    assert len(ids) == len(sanitized)
+    assert len(sanitized) == len(set(sanitized))
+    assert ids == ["a_b", "a_b__concat_2", "a:b__concat_1"]
+
+
+def test_get_tool_calls_from_response_continues_concat_suffixes_per_sanitized_base():
+    raw = _concatenated_json({"a": 1}, {"b": 2})
+    response: Final = _chat_tool_response(
+        _function_tool_call("x", "move", raw),
+        _function_tool_call("x", "move", raw),
+    )
+
+    assert [call["id"] for call in get_tool_calls_from_response(response)] == [
+        "x",
+        "x__concat_1",
+        "x",
+        "x__concat_2",
+    ]
+
+
+def test_get_tool_calls_from_response_skips_a_run_of_reserved_concat_ids():
+    raw = _concatenated_json({"a": 1}, {"b": 2})
+    siblings: Final = tuple(_function_tool_call(f"call__concat_{index}", "look", '{"x":1}') for index in range(1, 51))
+    response: Final = _chat_tool_response(_function_tool_call("call", "move", raw), *siblings)
+
+    ids: Final = [call["id"] for call in get_tool_calls_from_response(response)]
+
+    assert ids[0] == "call"
+    assert ids[1] == "call__concat_51"
+
+
+def test_get_tool_calls_from_response_reserves_concat_ids_across_choices():
+    raw = _concatenated_json({"a": 1}, {"b": 2})
+    response: Final = {
+        "choices": [
+            {"message": {"tool_calls": [_function_tool_call("call", "move", raw)]}},
+            {"message": {"tool_calls": [_function_tool_call("call__concat_1", "look", '{"x":1}')]}},
+        ]
+    }
+
+    assert [call["id"] for call in get_tool_calls_from_response(response, include_all_choices=True)] == [
+        "call",
+        "call__concat_2",
+        "call__concat_1",
+    ]
+
+
+def test_get_tool_calls_from_response_does_not_invent_ids_for_a_missing_call_id():
+    raw = _concatenated_json({"a": 1}, {"b": 2})
+    response: Final = _chat_tool_response(_function_tool_call(None, "move", raw))
+
+    tool_calls: Final = get_tool_calls_from_response(response)
+
+    assert len(tool_calls) == 2
+    assert all(call["id"] is None for call in tool_calls)
+    assert [call["arguments"] for call in tool_calls] == [{"a": 1}, {"b": 2}]
+
+
 def test_group_tool_exchanges_pairs_assistant_with_its_tool_rows():
     from litellm.litellm_core_utils.prompt_templates.factory import group_tool_exchanges
 
@@ -3625,9 +3657,7 @@ def test_bedrock_converse_pdf_only_user_message_gets_text_block():
         }
     ]
 
-    result = _bedrock_converse_messages_pt(
-        messages, "anthropic.claude-haiku-4-5", "bedrock"
-    )
+    result = _bedrock_converse_messages_pt(messages, "anthropic.claude-haiku-4-5", "bedrock")
 
     assert len(result) == 1
     assert any("document" in block for block in result[0]["content"])
@@ -3645,9 +3675,7 @@ def test_bedrock_converse_document_with_text_gets_no_extra_text_block():
         }
     ]
 
-    result = _bedrock_converse_messages_pt(
-        messages, "anthropic.claude-haiku-4-5", "bedrock"
-    )
+    result = _bedrock_converse_messages_pt(messages, "anthropic.claude-haiku-4-5", "bedrock")
 
     assert _text_blocks(result[0]) == ["summarize this"]
 
@@ -3660,9 +3688,7 @@ def test_bedrock_converse_image_only_user_message_gets_no_text_block():
         }
     ]
 
-    result = _bedrock_converse_messages_pt(
-        messages, "anthropic.claude-haiku-4-5", "bedrock"
-    )
+    result = _bedrock_converse_messages_pt(messages, "anthropic.claude-haiku-4-5", "bedrock")
 
     assert any("image" in block for block in result[0]["content"])
     assert _text_blocks(result[0]) == []
@@ -3705,9 +3731,7 @@ def test_bedrock_converse_tool_round_trip_document_injects_text_before_cache_poi
         },
     ]
 
-    result = _bedrock_converse_messages_pt(
-        messages, "anthropic.claude-haiku-4-5", "bedrock"
-    )
+    result = _bedrock_converse_messages_pt(messages, "anthropic.claude-haiku-4-5", "bedrock")
 
     assert _text_blocks(result[0]) == ["read the pdf"]
     document_message = result[-1]