diff --git a/tests/e2e/coverage_registry/mgmt.yaml b/tests/e2e/coverage_registry/mgmt.yaml
index 68c5ef6b31d..af0ba9d56e6 100644
--- a/tests/e2e/coverage_registry/mgmt.yaml
+++ b/tests/e2e/coverage_registry/mgmt.yaml
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@
 - {id: mgmt.access_group.info.happy_path, module: mgmt, tier: P1, surface: api, assertions: [happy_path], source: "model_access_group_management_endpoints.py:600", rationale: "Access group membership query"}
 - {id: mgmt.mcp_server.register.happy_path, module: mgmt, tier: P1, surface: api, assertions: [happy_path], source: "mcp_management_endpoints.py:880", rationale: "MCP server registration"}
 - {id: mgmt.mcp_server.approve.persists, module: mgmt, tier: P1, surface: api, assertions: [persists], source: "mcp_management_endpoints.py:1200", rationale: "Admin approval persists"}
+- {id: mgmt.budget.update.accepts_model_max_budget, module: mgmt, tier: P1, surface: api, assertions: [accepts_model_max_budget], source: "budget_management_endpoints.py:173", fail_before_fix: proven, rationale: "Per-model caps must be settable on an existing budget; model ids routinely carry dots and hyphens and the route must accept both"}
 - {id: mgmt.budget.update.persists, module: mgmt, tier: P1, surface: api, assertions: [persists], source: "budget_management_endpoints.py:155", rationale: "Limit changes apply"}
 - {id: mgmt.budget.delete.persists, module: mgmt, tier: P1, surface: api, assertions: [persists], source: "budget_management_endpoints.py:280", rationale: "Clears limits"}
 - {id: mgmt.budget.list.happy_path, module: mgmt, tier: P1, surface: api, assertions: [happy_path], source: "budget_management_endpoints.py:215", rationale: "Budget enumeration"}
diff --git a/tests/e2e/llm_translation/test_passthrough_e2e.py b/tests/e2e/llm_translation/test_passthrough_e2e.py
index ed5c657d23e..016f3b7be41 100644
--- a/tests/e2e/llm_translation/test_passthrough_e2e.py
+++ b/tests/e2e/llm_translation/test_passthrough_e2e.py
@@ -66,6 +66,38 @@ def test_gemini_passthrough_nonstreaming_logs_cost(
     assert tag in (row.request_tags or []), f"tags not logged: {row.request_tags}"
 
 
+def test_gemini_passthrough_returns_the_same_header_contract_as_the_managed_route(
+    client: PassthroughClient, scoped_key: str
+) -> None:
+    """A native passthrough call must still be costable and pace-able by the client.
+
+    Customers front provider-native traffic through /gemini/ and read the same
+    operational headers they get on /chat/completions: the response cost, so the
+    call reconciles against spend, and the x-ratelimit-* pacing headers, so a
+    client knows how much budget it has left. The passthrough route currently
+    returns neither, which makes native traffic invisible to the same tooling.
+    """
+    result = client.gemini_generate(
+        scoped_key, "gemini-2.5-flash", f"Say hello in one word. {unique_marker()}"
+    )
+    require_successful_call(result)
+
+    assert result.call_id, "passthrough must stamp x-litellm-call-id"
+    assert result.response_cost is not None, (
+        "passthrough generateContent returned no x-litellm-response-cost header, so a "
+        "native call cannot be reconciled against spend the way /chat/completions can"
+    )
+    assert result.response_cost > 0, (
+        f"x-litellm-response-cost must be a real cost, got {result.response_cost}"
+    )
+
+    pacing = tuple(name for name in result.headers if name.startswith("x-ratelimit-"))
+    assert pacing, (
+        "passthrough generateContent returned no x-ratelimit-* headers, so a client "
+        f"cannot pace itself; headers present were {sorted(result.headers)}"
+    )
+
+
 def test_gemini_passthrough_streaming_logs_cost(
     client: PassthroughClient, scoped_key: str
 ) -> None:
diff --git a/tests/e2e/management/test_budget_customer_user_org_e2e.py b/tests/e2e/management/test_budget_customer_user_org_e2e.py
index 54cc18b228b..2fb52ecbe66 100644
--- a/tests/e2e/management/test_budget_customer_user_org_e2e.py
+++ b/tests/e2e/management/test_budget_customer_user_org_e2e.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ import pytest
 from pydantic import BaseModel, RootModel
 
 from e2e_config import unique_marker
-from e2e_http import NoBody, unwrap
+from e2e_http import NoBody, is_ok, unwrap
 from lifecycle import ResourceManager
 from management_client import ManagementClient
 from models import KeyGenerateBody, OrgInfoParams, OrgNewBody, UserNewBody
@@ -53,9 +53,15 @@ class BudgetNewResponse(BaseModel):
     budget_id: str
 
 
+class ModelBudgetEntry(BaseModel):
+    budget_limit: float
+    time_period: str
+
+
 class BudgetUpdateBody(BaseModel):
     budget_id: str
-    max_budget: float
+    max_budget: float | None = None
+    model_max_budget: dict[str, ModelBudgetEntry] | None = None
 
 
 class BudgetInfoBody(BaseModel):
@@ -66,6 +72,7 @@ class BudgetRow(BaseModel):
     budget_id: str | None = None
     max_budget: float | None = None
     soft_budget: float | None = None
+    model_max_budget: dict[str, ModelBudgetEntry] | None = None
 
 
 class BudgetInfoResponse(RootModel[list[BudgetRow]]):
@@ -148,6 +155,56 @@ class TestBudgetManagement:
             f"/budget/list never included the created budget {budget_id}",
         )
 
+    @pytest.mark.covers("mgmt.budget.update.accepts_model_max_budget")
+    def test_update_accepts_per_model_budgets_including_punctuated_names(
+        self, client: ManagementClient, resources: ResourceManager
+    ) -> None:
+        """Per-model caps must be settable on an existing budget.
+
+        `model_max_budget` is how a customer caps spend per model on a shared
+        budget, and model ids routinely carry dots and hyphens (`glm-5.2`). The
+        route has to accept both, and the plain name is included so a failure
+        says whether per-model budgets are broken outright or only for
+        punctuated ids.
+        """
+        for model_name in ("gpt4o", "glm-5.2"):
+            budget_id = _create_budget(
+                client, resources, BudgetNewBody(max_budget=_INITIAL_MAX_BUDGET)
+            )
+
+            result = client.proxy.transport.post(
+                "/budget/update",
+                headers=client.proxy.transport.master,
+                json=BudgetUpdateBody(
+                    budget_id=budget_id,
+                    model_max_budget={
+                        model_name: ModelBudgetEntry(budget_limit=5.0, time_period="1d")
+                    },
+                ),
+                response_type=NoBody,
+            )
+
+            assert is_ok(result), (
+                f"/budget/update rejected a per-model budget for {model_name!r}: {result}; "
+                f"a customer cannot cap spend per model on an existing budget"
+            )
+
+            def has_model_budget() -> BudgetRow | None:
+                row = next(
+                    (r for r in _budget_rows(client, budget_id) if r.budget_id == budget_id),
+                    None,
+                )
+                if row is None or not row.model_max_budget:
+                    return None
+                return row if model_name in row.model_max_budget else None
+
+            _ = _poll(
+                client,
+                has_model_budget,
+                f"/budget/info never reported a model_max_budget entry for {model_name!r} "
+                f"on budget {budget_id}",
+            )
+
     @pytest.mark.covers("mgmt.budget.update.persists")
     def test_update_max_budget_persists_to_budget_info(
         self, client: ManagementClient, resources: ResourceManager