Merge branch 'master' into roaring-import

2026-09-05 16:15:56 +00:00 · 2018-09-13 15:50:16 -05:00 · 2018-09-13 15:50:16 -05:00 · 495af54c10
commit 495af54c10
parent 870c5e131f 6a15ceb4ed
25 changed files with 957 additions and 148 deletions
--- a/2
+++ b/2
@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ docker-test:
 # Run gometalinter with custom flags
 gometalinter: require-gometalinter
 	gometalinter --vendor --disable-all \
-	    --deadline=120s \
+	    --deadline=300s \
 	    --enable=deadcode \
 	    --enable=gochecknoinits \
 	    --enable=gofmt \
--- a/api.go
+++ b/api.go
@ -110,8 +110,9 @@ func (api *API) Query(ctx context.Context, req *QueryRequest) (QueryResponse, er
 	}
 	execOpts := &execOptions{
 		Remote:          req.Remote,
-		ExcludeRowAttrs: req.ExcludeRowAttrs,
-		ExcludeColumns:  req.ExcludeColumns,
+		ExcludeRowAttrs: req.ExcludeRowAttrs, // NOTE: Kept for Pilosa 1.x compat.
+		ExcludeColumns:  req.ExcludeColumns,  // NOTE: Kept for Pilosa 1.x compat.
+		ColumnAttrs:     req.ColumnAttrs,     // NOTE: Kept for Pilosa 1.x compat.
 	}
 	results, err := api.server.executor.Execute(ctx, req.Index, q, req.Shards, execOpts)
 	if err != nil {
@ -120,7 +121,8 @@ func (api *API) Query(ctx context.Context, req *QueryRequest) (QueryResponse, er
 	resp.Results = results

 	// Fill column attributes if requested.
-	if req.ColumnAttrs && !req.ExcludeColumns {
+	// execOpts.ColumnAttrs may be set by the Execute method if any of the Calls use Options(columnAttrs=true)
+	if execOpts.ColumnAttrs {
 		// Consolidate all column ids across all calls.
 		var columnIDs []uint64
 		for _, result := range results {
@ -734,6 +736,12 @@ func (api *API) Import(_ context.Context, req *ImportRequest) error {
 		timestamps[i] = &t
 	}

+	// Import columnIDs into existence field.
+	if err := importExistenceColumns(index, req.ColumnIDs); err != nil {
+		api.server.logger.Printf("import existence error: index=%s, field=%s, shard=%d, columns=%d, err=%s", req.Index, req.Field, req.Shard, len(req.ColumnIDs), err)
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "importing existence columns")
+	}
+
 	// Import into fragment.
 	err = field.Import(req.RowIDs, req.ColumnIDs, timestamps)
 	if err != nil {
@ -768,6 +776,12 @@ func (api *API) ImportValue(_ context.Context, req *ImportValueRequest) error {
 		}
 	}

+	// Import columnIDs into existence field.
+	if err := importExistenceColumns(index, req.ColumnIDs); err != nil {
+		api.server.logger.Printf("import existence error: index=%s, field=%s, shard=%d, columns=%d, err=%s", req.Index, req.Field, req.Shard, len(req.ColumnIDs), err)
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "importing existence columns")
+	}
+
 	// Import into fragment.
 	err = field.importValue(req.ColumnIDs, req.Values)
 	if err != nil {
@ -776,6 +790,16 @@ func (api *API) ImportValue(_ context.Context, req *ImportValueRequest) error {
 	return errors.Wrap(err, "importing")
 }

+func importExistenceColumns(index *Index, columnIDs []uint64) error {
+	ef := index.existenceField()
+	if ef == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	existenceRowIDs := make([]uint64, len(columnIDs))
+	return ef.Import(existenceRowIDs, columnIDs, nil)
+}
+
 // MaxShards returns the maximum shard number for each index in a map.
 func (api *API) MaxShards(_ context.Context) map[string]uint64 {
 	m := make(map[string]uint64)
--- a/cmd/import.go
+++ b/cmd/import.go
@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"io"

+	"github.com/pilosa/pilosa"
+
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"

 	"github.com/pilosa/pilosa/ctl"
@ -51,14 +53,16 @@ omitted. If it is present then its format should be YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM.
 	flags.StringVarP(&Importer.Host, "host", "", "localhost:10101", "host:port of Pilosa.")
 	flags.StringVarP(&Importer.Index, "index", "i", "", "Pilosa index to import into.")
 	flags.StringVarP(&Importer.Field, "field", "f", "", "Field to import into.")
-	flags.BoolVar(&Importer.IndexKeys, "index-keys", false, "use keys=true when creating an index")
-	flags.BoolVar(&Importer.FieldKeys, "field-keys", false, "use keys=true when creating a field")
+	flags.BoolVar(&Importer.IndexOptions.Keys, "index-keys", false, "Specify keys=true when creating an index")
+	flags.BoolVar(&Importer.FieldOptions.Keys, "field-keys", false, "Specify keys=true when creating a field")
+	flags.Int64Var(&Importer.FieldOptions.Min, "field-min", 0, "Specify the minimum for an int field on creation")
+	flags.Int64Var(&Importer.FieldOptions.Max, "field-max", 0, "Specify the maximum for an int field on creation")
+	flags.StringVar(&Importer.FieldOptions.CacheType, "field-cache-type", pilosa.CacheTypeRanked, "Specify the cache type for a set field on creation. One of: none, lru, ranked")
+	flags.Uint32Var(&Importer.FieldOptions.CacheSize, "field-cache-size", 50000, "Specify the cache size for a set field on creation")
+	flags.Var(&Importer.FieldOptions.TimeQuantum, "field-time-quantum", "Specify the time quantum for a time field on creation. One of: D, DH, H, M, MD, MDH, Y, YM, YMD, YMDH")
 	flags.IntVarP(&Importer.BufferSize, "buffer-size", "s", 10000000, "Number of bits to buffer/sort before importing.")
 	flags.BoolVarP(&Importer.Sort, "sort", "", false, "Enables sorting before import.")
 	flags.BoolVarP(&Importer.CreateSchema, "create", "e", false, "Create the schema if it does not exist before import.")
-	//flags.Var(&Importer.FieldOptions.TimeQuantum, "field-time-quantum", "Time quantum for the field")
-	//flags.StringVar(&Importer.FieldOptions.CacheType, "field-cache-type", pilosa.CacheTypeRanked, "Cache type for the field; valid values: none, lru, ranked")
-	//flags.Uint32Var(&Importer.FieldOptions.CacheSize, "field-cache-size", 50000, "Cache size for the field")
 	ctl.SetTLSConfig(flags, &Importer.TLS.CertificatePath, &Importer.TLS.CertificateKeyPath, &Importer.TLS.SkipVerify)

 	return importCmd
--- a/cmd/import_test.go
+++ b/cmd/import_test.go
@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"testing"

+	"github.com/pilosa/pilosa"
+
 	"github.com/pilosa/pilosa/cmd"
 )

@ -47,6 +49,52 @@ field = "f1"
 				return v.Error()
 			},
 		},
+		{
+			args: []string{"import", "--index", "i1", "--field", "f1", "--field-keys", "--field-min", "-10", "--field-max", "100"},
+			env:  map[string]string{},
+			validation: func() error {
+				v := validator{}
+				v.Check(cmd.Importer.Index, "i1")
+				v.Check(cmd.Importer.Field, "f1")
+				v.Check(cmd.Importer.FieldOptions, pilosa.FieldOptions{
+					Keys:      true,
+					Max:       100,
+					Min:       -10,
+					CacheType: pilosa.CacheTypeRanked,
+					CacheSize: 50000,
+				})
+				return v.Error()
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			args: []string{"import", "--index", "i1", "--field", "f1", "--field-time-quantum", "YMD"},
+			env:  map[string]string{},
+			validation: func() error {
+				v := validator{}
+				v.Check(cmd.Importer.Index, "i1")
+				v.Check(cmd.Importer.Field, "f1")
+				v.Check(cmd.Importer.FieldOptions, pilosa.FieldOptions{
+					TimeQuantum: "YMD",
+					CacheType:   pilosa.CacheTypeRanked,
+					CacheSize:   50000,
+				})
+				return v.Error()
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			args: []string{"import", "--index", "i1", "--field", "f1", "--field-cache-type", "lru", "--field-cache-size", "100"},
+			env:  map[string]string{},
+			validation: func() error {
+				v := validator{}
+				v.Check(cmd.Importer.Index, "i1")
+				v.Check(cmd.Importer.Field, "f1")
+				v.Check(cmd.Importer.FieldOptions, pilosa.FieldOptions{
+					CacheType: "lru",
+					CacheSize: 100,
+				})
+				return v.Error()
+			},
+		},
 	}
 	executeDry(t, tests)
 }
--- a/ctl/import.go
+++ b/ctl/import.go
@ -41,20 +41,14 @@ type ImportCommand struct { // nolint: maligned
 	Field string `json:"field"`

 	// Options for the index to be created if it doesn't exist
-	indexOptions pilosa.IndexOptions
+	IndexOptions pilosa.IndexOptions

 	// Options for the field to be created if it doesn't exist
-	fieldOptions pilosa.FieldOptions
+	FieldOptions pilosa.FieldOptions

 	// CreateSchema ensures the schema exists before import
 	CreateSchema bool

-	// IndexKeys makes the import command use keys=true when creating an index
-	IndexKeys bool `json:"indexKeys"`
-
-	// FieldKeys makes the import command use keys=true when creating a field
-	FieldKeys bool `json:"fieldKeys"`
-
 	// Filenames to import from.
 	Paths []string `json:"paths"`

@ -102,11 +96,13 @@ func (cmd *ImportCommand) Run(ctx context.Context) error {
 	cmd.client = client

 	if cmd.CreateSchema {
-		cmd.indexOptions = pilosa.IndexOptions{
-			Keys: cmd.IndexKeys,
-		}
-		cmd.fieldOptions = pilosa.FieldOptions{
-			Keys: cmd.FieldKeys,
+		// set the correct type for the field
+		if cmd.FieldOptions.TimeQuantum != "" {
+			cmd.FieldOptions.Type = "time"
+		} else if cmd.FieldOptions.Min != 0 || cmd.FieldOptions.Max != 0 {
+			cmd.FieldOptions.Type = "int"
+		} else {
+			cmd.FieldOptions.Type = "set"
 		}
 		err := cmd.ensureSchema(ctx)
 		if err != nil {
@ -148,11 +144,11 @@ func (cmd *ImportCommand) Run(ctx context.Context) error {
 }

 func (cmd *ImportCommand) ensureSchema(ctx context.Context) error {
-	err := cmd.client.EnsureIndex(ctx, cmd.Index, cmd.indexOptions)
+	err := cmd.client.EnsureIndex(ctx, cmd.Index, cmd.IndexOptions)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("Error Creating Index: %s", err)
 	}
-	err = cmd.client.EnsureFieldWithOptions(ctx, cmd.Index, cmd.Field, cmd.fieldOptions)
+	err = cmd.client.EnsureFieldWithOptions(ctx, cmd.Index, cmd.Field, cmd.FieldOptions)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("Error Creating Field: %s", err)
 	}
--- a/docs/administration.md
+++ b/docs/administration.md
@ -294,6 +294,8 @@ We currently track the following events
 - **Union:** Count of Union queries.
 - **Intersection:** Count of Intersection queries.
 - **Difference:** Count of Difference queries.
+- **Xor:** Count of Xor queries.
+- **Not:** Count of Not queries.
 - **Count:** Count of Count queries.
 - **Range:** Count of Range queries.
 - **Snapshot:** Event count when the snapshot process is triggered.
--- a/docs/query-language.md
+++ b/docs/query-language.md
@ -46,9 +46,11 @@ curl localhost:10101/index/repository/query \
 * `field` The field specifies on which Pilosa [field](../glossary/#field) the query will operate. Valid field names are lower case strings; they start with an alphanumeric character, and contain only alphanumeric characters and `_-`. They must be 64 characters or less in length.
 * `TIMESTAMP` This is a timestamp in the following format `YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM` (e.g. 2006-01-02T15:04)
 * `UINT` An unsigned integer (e.g. 42839)
+* `BOOL` A boolean value, `true` or `false`
 * `ATTR_NAME` Must be a valid identifier `[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9._-]*`
 * `ATTR_VALUE` Can be a string, float, integer, or bool.
-* `ROW_CALL` Any query which returns a row, such as `Row`, `Union`, `Difference`, `Xor`, `Intersect`, `Range`
+* `CALL` Any query
+* `ROW_CALL` Any query which returns a row, such as `Row`, `Union`, `Difference`, `Xor`, `Intersect`, `Range`, `Not`
 * `[]ATTR_VALUE` Denotes an array of `ATTR_VALUE`s. (e.g. `["a", "b", "c"]`)

 ### Write Operations
@ -94,7 +96,7 @@ Set(10, stargazer=1, 2016-01-01T00:00)

 Set multiple bits in a single request:
 ```request
-Set(1, stargazer=10) Set(2, stargazer=10) Set(1, stargazer=20) Set(2, stargazer=30)
+Set(10, stargazer=1) Set(20, stargazer=1) Set(10, stargazer=2) Set(30, stargazer=2)
 ```
 ```response
 {"results":[false,true,true,true]}
@ -112,8 +114,8 @@ Set(10, pullrequests=2)
 **Spec:**

 ```
-SetRowAttrs(<FIELD>, <ROW>, 
-            <ATTR_NAME=ATTR_VALUE>, 
+SetRowAttrs(<FIELD>, <ROW>,
+            <ATTR_NAME=ATTR_VALUE>,
            [ATTR_NAME=ATTR_VALUE ...])
 ```

@ -150,8 +152,8 @@ SetRowAttrs(stargazer, 10, username=null)
 **Spec:**

 ```
-SetColumnAttrs(<COLUMN>, 
-               <ATTR_NAME=ATTR_VALUE>, 
+SetColumnAttrs(<COLUMN>,
+               <ATTR_NAME=ATTR_VALUE>,
               [ATTR_NAME=ATTR_VALUE ...])
 ```

@ -262,7 +264,7 @@ Row(stargazer=1)
 {"attrs":{"username":"mrpi","active":true},"columns":[10, 20]}
 ```

-* attrs are the attributes for user 1 
+* attrs are the attributes for user 1
 * columns are the repositories which user 1 has starred.

 #### Union
@ -358,7 +360,7 @@ Difference(Row(stargazer=2), Row(stargazer=1))
 {"attrs":{},"columns":[30]}
 ```

-* columnss are repositories that were starred by user 2 BUT NOT user 1
+* columns are repositories that were starred by user 2 BUT NOT user 1

 #### Xor

@ -384,11 +386,39 @@ Query columns with a bit set in exactly one of two rows (repositories that are s
 Xor(Row(stargazer=2), Row(stargazer=1))
 ```
 ```response
-{"results":[{"attrs":{},"columns":[10,20,30]}]}
+{"results":[{"attrs":{},"columns":[20,30]}]}
 ```

 * columns are repositories that were starred by user 1 XOR user 2 (user 1 or user 2, but not both)

+#### Not
+
+**Spec:**
+
+```
+Not(<ROW_CALL>)
+```
+
+**Description:**
+
+Not returns the inverse of all of the bits from the `ROW_CALL` argument. The Not query requires that `trackExistence` has been enabled on the Index.
+
+**Result Type:** object with attrs and columns
+
+attrs will always be empty
+
+**Examples:**
+
+Query existing columns that do not have a bit set in the given row.
+```request
+Not(Row(stargazer=1))
+```
+```response
+{"results":[{"attrs":{},"columns":[30]}]}
+```
+
+* columns are repositories that were not starred by user 1
+
 #### Count
 **Spec:**

@ -497,7 +527,7 @@ Range(<FIELD>=<ROW>, <TIMESTAMP>, <TIMESTAMP>)
 **Description:**

 Similar to `Row`, but only returns bits which were set with timestamps
-between the given `start` (first) and `end` (second) timestamps. 
+between the given `start` (first) and `end` (second) timestamps.

 **Result Type:** object with attrs and bits

@ -548,14 +578,14 @@ Range(commitactivity > 100)

 BSI range queries support the following operators:

- Operator | Name                          | Value              
+ Operator | Name                          | Value
 ----------|-------------------------------|--------------------
- `>`      | greater-than, GT              | integer            
- `<`      | less-than, LT                 | integer            
- `<=`     | less-than-or-equal-to, LTE    | integer            
- `>=`     | greater-than-or-equal-to, GTE | integer            
- `==`     | equal-to, EQ                  | integer            
- `!=`     | not-equal-to, NEQ             | integer or `null`  
+ `>`      | greater-than, GT              | integer
+ `<`      | less-than, LT                 | integer
+ `<=`     | less-than-or-equal-to, LTE    | integer
+ `>=`     | greater-than-or-equal-to, GTE | integer
+ `==`     | equal-to, EQ                  | integer
+ `!=`     | not-equal-to, NEQ             | integer or `null`

 `<`, and `<=` can be chained together to represent a bounded interval. For example:

@ -645,3 +675,41 @@ Sum(field="diskusage")
 ```

 * Result is the sum of all values (total size of all repositories in kilobytes, here), plus the count of columns.
+
+### Other Operations
+
+#### Options
+
+**Spec:**
+
+```
+Options(<CALL>, columnAttrs=<BOOL>, excludeColumns=<BOOL>, excludeRowAttrs=<BOOL>, shards=[UINT ...])
+```
+
+**Description:**
+
+Modifies the given query as follows:
+* `columnAttrs`: Include column attributes in the result (Default: `false`).
+* `excludeColumns`: Exclude column IDs from the result (Default: `false`).
+* `excludeRowAttrs`: Exclude row attributes from the result (Default: `false`).
+* `shards`: Run the query using only the data from the given shards. By default, the entire data set (i.e. data from all shards) is used.
+
+**Result Type:** Same result type as <CALL>.
+
+**Examples:**
+
+Return column attributes:
+```request
+Options(Row(f1=10), columnAttrs=true)
+```
+```response
+{"attrs":{},"columns":[100]}],"columnAttrs":[{"id":100,"attrs":{"foo":"bar"}}
+```
+
+Run the query against shards 0 and 2 only:
+```request
+Options(Row(f1=10), shards=[0, 2])
+```
+```response
+{"attrs":{},"columns":[100, 2097152]}
+```
--- a/encoding/proto/proto.go
+++ b/encoding/proto/proto.go
@ -509,7 +509,8 @@ func encodeCreateIndexMessage(m *pilosa.CreateIndexMessage) *internal.CreateInde

 func encodeIndexMeta(m *pilosa.IndexOptions) *internal.IndexMeta {
 	return &internal.IndexMeta{
-		Keys: m.Keys,
+		Keys:           m.Keys,
+		TrackExistence: m.TrackExistence,
 	}
 }

@ -741,6 +742,7 @@ func decodeCreateIndexMessage(pb *internal.CreateIndexMessage, m *pilosa.CreateI

 func decodeIndexMeta(pb *internal.IndexMeta, m *pilosa.IndexOptions) {
 	m.Keys = pb.Keys
+	m.TrackExistence = pb.TrackExistence
 }

 func decodeDeleteIndexMessage(pb *internal.DeleteIndexMessage, m *pilosa.DeleteIndexMessage) {
--- a/executor.go
+++ b/executor.go
@ -194,6 +194,8 @@ func (e *executor) executeCall(ctx context.Context, index string, c *pql.Call, s
 	case "TopN":
 		e.Holder.Stats.CountWithCustomTags(c.Name, 1, 1.0, []string{indexTag})
 		return e.executeTopN(ctx, index, c, shards, opt)
+	case "Options":
+		return e.executeOptionsCall(ctx, index, c, shards, opt)
 	default:
 		e.Holder.Stats.CountWithCustomTags(c.Name, 1, 1.0, []string{indexTag})
 		return e.executeBitmapCall(ctx, index, c, shards, opt)
@ -219,6 +221,48 @@ func (e *executor) validateCallArgs(c *pql.Call) error {
 	return nil
 }

+func (e *executor) executeOptionsCall(ctx context.Context, index string, c *pql.Call, shards []uint64, opt *execOptions) (interface{}, error) {
+	optCopy := &execOptions{}
+	*optCopy = *opt
+	if arg, ok := c.Args["columnAttrs"]; ok {
+		if value, ok := arg.(bool); ok {
+			opt.ColumnAttrs = value
+		} else {
+			return nil, errors.New("Query(): columnAttrs must be a bool")
+		}
+	}
+	if arg, ok := c.Args["excludeRowAttrs"]; ok {
+		if value, ok := arg.(bool); ok {
+			optCopy.ExcludeRowAttrs = value
+		} else {
+			return nil, errors.New("Query(): excludeRowAttrs must be a bool")
+		}
+	}
+	if arg, ok := c.Args["excludeColumns"]; ok {
+		if value, ok := arg.(bool); ok {
+			optCopy.ExcludeColumns = value
+		} else {
+			return nil, errors.New("Query(): excludeColumns must be a bool")
+		}
+	}
+	if arg, ok := c.Args["shards"]; ok {
+		if optShards, ok := arg.([]interface{}); ok {
+			shards = []uint64{}
+			for _, s := range optShards {
+				if shard, ok := s.(int64); ok {
+					shards = append(shards, uint64(shard))
+				} else {
+					return nil, errors.New("Query(): shards must be a list of unsigned integers")
+				}
+
+			}
+		} else {
+			return nil, errors.New("Query(): shards must be a list of unsigned integers")
+		}
+	}
+	return e.executeCall(ctx, index, c.Children[0], shards, optCopy)
+}
+
 // executeSum executes a Sum() call.
 func (e *executor) executeSum(ctx context.Context, index string, c *pql.Call, shards []uint64, opt *execOptions) (ValCount, error) {
 	if field := c.Args["field"]; field == "" {
@ -399,6 +443,8 @@ func (e *executor) executeBitmapCallShard(ctx context.Context, index string, c *
 		return e.executeUnionShard(ctx, index, c, shard)
 	case "Xor":
 		return e.executeXorShard(ctx, index, c, shard)
+	case "Not":
+		return e.executeNotShard(ctx, index, c, shard)
 	default:
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unknown call: %s", c.Name)
 	}
@ -963,6 +1009,38 @@ func (e *executor) executeXorShard(ctx context.Context, index string, c *pql.Cal
 	return other, nil
 }

+// executeNotShard executes a not() call for a local shard.
+func (e *executor) executeNotShard(ctx context.Context, index string, c *pql.Call, shard uint64) (*Row, error) {
+	if len(c.Children) == 0 {
+		return nil, errors.New("Not() requires an input row")
+	} else if len(c.Children) > 1 {
+		return nil, errors.New("Not() only accepts a single row input")
+	}
+
+	// Make sure the index supports existence tracking.
+	idx := e.Holder.Index(index)
+	if idx == nil {
+		return nil, ErrIndexNotFound
+	} else if idx.existenceField() == nil {
+		return nil, errors.Errorf("index does not support existence tracking: %s", index)
+	}
+
+	var existenceRow *Row
+	existenceFrag := e.Holder.fragment(index, existenceFieldName, viewStandard, shard)
+	if existenceFrag == nil {
+		existenceRow = NewRow()
+	} else {
+		existenceRow = existenceFrag.row(0)
+	}
+
+	row, err := e.executeBitmapCallShard(ctx, index, c.Children[0], shard)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return existenceRow.Difference(row), nil
+}
+
 // executeCount executes a count() call.
 func (e *executor) executeCount(ctx context.Context, index string, c *pql.Call, shards []uint64, opt *execOptions) (uint64, error) {
 	if len(c.Children) == 0 {
@ -1087,6 +1165,13 @@ func (e *executor) executeSet(ctx context.Context, index string, c *pql.Call, op
 		return false, ErrFieldNotFound
 	}

+	// Set column on existence field.
+	if ef := idx.existenceField(); ef != nil {
+		if _, err := ef.SetBit(0, colID, nil); err != nil {
+			return false, errors.Wrap(err, "setting existence column")
+		}
+	}
+
 	if f.Type() == FieldTypeInt {
 		// Read remaining fields using labels.
 		rowVal, ok, err := c.IntArg(fieldName)
@ -1677,6 +1762,7 @@ type execOptions struct {
 	Remote          bool
 	ExcludeRowAttrs bool
 	ExcludeColumns  bool
+	ColumnAttrs     bool
 }

 // hasOnlySetRowAttrs returns true if calls only contains SetRowAttrs() calls.
--- a/executor_test.go
+++ b/executor_test.go
@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ package pilosa_test
 import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
+	"math/rand"
 	"reflect"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
@ -32,8 +33,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 )

-// Ensure a bitmap query can be executed.
-func TestExecutor_Execute_Bitmap(t *testing.T) {
+// Ensure a row query can be executed.
+func TestExecutor_Execute_Row(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("Row", func(t *testing.T) {
 		c := test.MustRunCluster(t, 1)
 		defer c.Close()
@ -282,7 +283,7 @@ func TestExecutor_Execute_SetBit(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Run("OK", func(t *testing.T) {
 			hldr.ClearBit("i", "f", 11, 1)
 			if n := hldr.Row("i", "f", 11).Count(); n != 0 {
-				t.Fatalf("unexpected bitmap count: %d", n)
+				t.Fatalf("unexpected row count: %d", n)
 			}

 			if res, err := cmd.API.Query(context.Background(), &pilosa.QueryRequest{Index: "i", Query: `Set(1, f=11)`}); err != nil {
@ -294,7 +295,7 @@ func TestExecutor_Execute_SetBit(t *testing.T) {
 			}

 			if n := hldr.Row("i", "f", 11).Count(); n != 1 {
-				t.Fatalf("unexpected bitmap count: %d", n)
+				t.Fatalf("unexpected row count: %d", n)
 			}
 			if res, err := cmd.API.Query(context.Background(), &pilosa.QueryRequest{Index: "i", Query: `Set(1, f=11)`}); err != nil {
 				t.Fatal(err)
@ -327,7 +328,7 @@ func TestExecutor_Execute_SetBit(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Run("OK", func(t *testing.T) {
 			hldr.SetBit("i", "f", 1, 0)
 			if n := hldr.Row("i", "f", 11).Count(); n != 0 {
-				t.Fatalf("unexpected bitmap count: %d", n)
+				t.Fatalf("unexpected row count: %d", n)
 			}

 			if res, err := cmd.API.Query(context.Background(), &pilosa.QueryRequest{Index: "i", Query: `Set("foo", f=11)`}); err != nil {
@ -339,7 +340,7 @@ func TestExecutor_Execute_SetBit(t *testing.T) {
 			}

 			if n := hldr.Row("i", "f", 11).Count(); n != 1 {
-				t.Fatalf("unexpected bitmap count: %d", n)
+				t.Fatalf("unexpected row count: %d", n)
 			}
 			if res, err := cmd.API.Query(context.Background(), &pilosa.QueryRequest{Index: "i", Query: `Set("foo", f=11)`}); err != nil {
 				t.Fatal(err)
@ -476,7 +477,7 @@ func TestExecutor_Execute_SetRowAttrs(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	t.Run("rowID", func(t *testing.T) {
 		// Set two attrs on f/10.
-		// Also set attrs on other bitmaps and fields to test isolation.
+		// Also set attrs on other rows and fields to test isolation.
 		if _, err := c[0].API.Query(context.Background(), &pilosa.QueryRequest{Index: "i", Query: `SetRowAttrs(f, 10, foo="bar")`}); err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
@ -494,13 +495,13 @@ func TestExecutor_Execute_SetRowAttrs(t *testing.T) {
 		if m, err := f.RowAttrStore().Attrs(10); err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		} else if !reflect.DeepEqual(m, map[string]interface{}{"foo": "bar", "baz": int64(123), "bat": true}) {
-			t.Fatalf("unexpected bitmap attr: %#v", m)
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected row attr: %#v", m)
 		}
 	})

 	t.Run("rowKey", func(t *testing.T) {
 		// Set two attrs on f/10.
-		// Also set attrs on other bitmaps and fields to test isolation.
+		// Also set attrs on other rows and fields to test isolation.
 		if _, err := c[0].API.Query(context.Background(), &pilosa.QueryRequest{Index: "i", Query: `SetRowAttrs(kf, "row10", foo="bar")`}); err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
@ -663,7 +664,7 @@ func TestExecutor_Execute_TopN_fill_small(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

-// Ensure a TopN() query with a source bitmap can be executed.
+// Ensure a TopN() query with a source row can be executed.
 func TestExecutor_Execute_TopN_Src(t *testing.T) {
 	c := test.MustRunCluster(t, 1)
 	defer c.Close()
@ -723,7 +724,7 @@ func TestExecutor_Execute_TopN_Attr(t *testing.T) {

 }

-//Ensure TopN handles Attribute filters with source bitmap
+//Ensure TopN handles Attribute filters with source row
 func TestExecutor_Execute_TopN_Attr_Src(t *testing.T) {
 	c := test.MustRunCluster(t, 1)
 	defer c.Close()
@ -1352,3 +1353,272 @@ func TestExecutor_Time_Clear_Quantums(t *testing.T) {
 	}

 }
+
+func TestExecutor_QueryCall(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("excludeRowAttrs", func(t *testing.T) {
+		c := test.MustRunCluster(t, 1)
+		defer c.Close()
+		hldr := test.Holder{Holder: c[0].Server.Holder()}
+
+		// Set columns for rows 0, 10, & 20 across two shards.
+		if idx, err := hldr.CreateIndex("i", pilosa.IndexOptions{}); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		} else if _, err := idx.CreateField("f", pilosa.OptFieldTypeDefault()); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		} else if _, err := c[0].API.Query(context.Background(), &pilosa.QueryRequest{Index: "i", Query: `
+				Set(100, f=10)
+				SetRowAttrs(f, 10, foo="bar")
+			`}); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		if res, err := c[0].API.Query(context.Background(), &pilosa.QueryRequest{Index: "i", Query: `Options(Row(f=10), excludeRowAttrs=true)`}); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		} else if bits := res.Results[0].(*pilosa.Row).Columns(); !reflect.DeepEqual(bits, []uint64{100}) {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected columns: %+v", bits)
+		} else if attrs := res.Results[0].(*pilosa.Row).Attrs; !reflect.DeepEqual(attrs, map[string]interface{}{}) {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected attrs: %s", spew.Sdump(attrs))
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("excludeColumns", func(t *testing.T) {
+		c := test.MustRunCluster(t, 1)
+		defer c.Close()
+		hldr := test.Holder{Holder: c[0].Server.Holder()}
+
+		// Set columns for rows 0, 10, & 20 across two shards.
+		if idx, err := hldr.CreateIndex("i", pilosa.IndexOptions{}); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		} else if _, err := idx.CreateField("f", pilosa.OptFieldTypeDefault()); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		} else if _, err := c[0].API.Query(context.Background(), &pilosa.QueryRequest{Index: "i", Query: `
+				Set(100, f=10)
+				SetRowAttrs(f, 10, foo="bar")
+			`}); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		if res, err := c[0].API.Query(context.Background(), &pilosa.QueryRequest{Index: "i", Query: `Options(Row(f=10), excludeColumns=true)`}); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		} else if bits := res.Results[0].(*pilosa.Row).Columns(); !reflect.DeepEqual(bits, []uint64{}) {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected columns: %+v", bits)
+		} else if attrs := res.Results[0].(*pilosa.Row).Attrs; !reflect.DeepEqual(attrs, map[string]interface{}{"foo": "bar"}) {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected attrs: %s", spew.Sdump(attrs))
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("columnAttrs", func(t *testing.T) {
+		c := test.MustRunCluster(t, 1)
+		defer c.Close()
+		hldr := test.Holder{Holder: c[0].Server.Holder()}
+
+		// Set columns for rows 0, 10, & 20 across two shards.
+		if idx, err := hldr.CreateIndex("i", pilosa.IndexOptions{}); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		} else if _, err := idx.CreateField("f", pilosa.OptFieldTypeDefault()); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		} else if _, err := c[0].API.Query(context.Background(), &pilosa.QueryRequest{Index: "i", Query: `
+			Set(100, f=10)
+			SetColumnAttrs(100, foo="bar")
+		`}); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		targetColAttrSets := []*pilosa.ColumnAttrSet{
+			{ID: 100, Attrs: map[string]interface{}{"foo": "bar"}},
+		}
+
+		if res, err := c[0].API.Query(context.Background(), &pilosa.QueryRequest{Index: "i", Query: `Options(Row(f=10), columnAttrs=true)`}); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		} else if bits := res.Results[0].(*pilosa.Row).Columns(); !reflect.DeepEqual(bits, []uint64{100}) {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected columns: %+v", bits)
+		} else if attrs := res.ColumnAttrSets; !reflect.DeepEqual(attrs, targetColAttrSets) {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected attrs: %s", spew.Sdump(attrs))
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("shards", func(t *testing.T) {
+		c := test.MustRunCluster(t, 1)
+		defer c.Close()
+		hldr := test.Holder{Holder: c[0].Server.Holder()}
+
+		// Set columns for rows 0, 10, & 20 across two shards.
+		if idx, err := hldr.CreateIndex("i", pilosa.IndexOptions{}); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		} else if _, err := idx.CreateField("f", pilosa.OptFieldTypeDefault()); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		} else if _, err := c[0].API.Query(context.Background(), &pilosa.QueryRequest{Index: "i", Query: fmt.Sprintf(`
+				Set(100, f=10)
+				Set(%d, f=10)
+				Set(%d, f=10)
+			`, ShardWidth, ShardWidth*2)}); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		if res, err := c[0].API.Query(context.Background(), &pilosa.QueryRequest{Index: "i", Query: `Options(Row(f=10), shards=[0, 2])`}); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		} else if bits := res.Results[0].(*pilosa.Row).Columns(); !reflect.DeepEqual(bits, []uint64{100, ShardWidth * 2}) {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected columns: %+v", bits)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("multipleOpt", func(t *testing.T) {
+		c := test.MustRunCluster(t, 1)
+		defer c.Close()
+		hldr := test.Holder{Holder: c[0].Server.Holder()}
+
+		// Set columns for rows 0, 10, & 20 across two shards.
+		if idx, err := hldr.CreateIndex("i", pilosa.IndexOptions{}); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		} else if _, err := idx.CreateField("f", pilosa.OptFieldTypeDefault()); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		} else if _, err := c[0].API.Query(context.Background(), &pilosa.QueryRequest{Index: "i", Query: `
+				Set(100, f=10)
+				SetRowAttrs(f, 10, foo="bar")
+			`}); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		req := &pilosa.QueryRequest{
+			Index: "i",
+			Query: `Options(Row(f=10), excludeColumns=true)Options(Row(f=10), excludeRowAttrs=true)`,
+		}
+		if res, err := c[0].API.Query(context.Background(), req); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		} else if bits := res.Results[0].(*pilosa.Row).Columns(); !reflect.DeepEqual(bits, []uint64{}) {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected columns: %+v", bits)
+		} else if attrs := res.Results[0].(*pilosa.Row).Attrs; !reflect.DeepEqual(attrs, map[string]interface{}{"foo": "bar"}) {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected attrs: %s", spew.Sdump(attrs))
+		} else if bits := res.Results[1].(*pilosa.Row).Columns(); !reflect.DeepEqual(bits, []uint64{100}) {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected columns: %+v", bits)
+		} else if attrs := res.Results[1].(*pilosa.Row).Attrs; !reflect.DeepEqual(attrs, map[string]interface{}{}) {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected attrs: %s", spew.Sdump(attrs))
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// Ensure an existence field is maintained.
+func TestExecutor_Execute_Existence(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("Row", func(t *testing.T) {
+		c := test.MustRunCluster(t, 1)
+		defer c.Close()
+		hldr := test.Holder{Holder: c[0].Server.Holder()}
+		index := hldr.MustCreateIndexIfNotExists("i", pilosa.IndexOptions{TrackExistence: true})
+		_, err := index.CreateField("f", pilosa.OptFieldTypeDefault())
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		// Set bits.
+		if _, err := c[0].API.Query(context.Background(), &pilosa.QueryRequest{Index: "i", Query: `` +
+			fmt.Sprintf("Set(%d, f=%d)\n", 3, 10) +
+			fmt.Sprintf("Set(%d, f=%d)\n", ShardWidth+1, 10) +
+			fmt.Sprintf("Set(%d, f=%d)\n", ShardWidth+2, 20),
+		}); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		if res, err := c[0].API.Query(context.Background(), &pilosa.QueryRequest{Index: "i", Query: `Row(f=10)`}); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		} else if bits := res.Results[0].(*pilosa.Row).Columns(); !reflect.DeepEqual(bits, []uint64{3, ShardWidth + 1}) {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected columns: %+v", bits)
+		}
+
+		if res, err := c[0].API.Query(context.Background(), &pilosa.QueryRequest{Index: "i", Query: `Row(exists=0)`}); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		} else if bits := res.Results[0].(*pilosa.Row).Columns(); !reflect.DeepEqual(bits, []uint64{3, ShardWidth + 1, ShardWidth + 2}) {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected existence columns: %+v", bits)
+		}
+
+		// Reopen cluster to ensure existence field is reloaded.
+		if err := c[0].Reopen(); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		if res, err := c[0].API.Query(context.Background(), &pilosa.QueryRequest{Index: "i", Query: `Row(exists=0)`}); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		} else if bits := res.Results[0].(*pilosa.Row).Columns(); !reflect.DeepEqual(bits, []uint64{3, ShardWidth + 1, ShardWidth + 2}) {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected existence columns after reopen: %+v", bits)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// Ensure a not query can be executed.
+func TestExecutor_Execute_Not(t *testing.T) {
+	c := test.MustRunCluster(t, 1)
+	defer c.Close()
+	hldr := test.Holder{Holder: c[0].Server.Holder()}
+	index := hldr.MustCreateIndexIfNotExists("i", pilosa.IndexOptions{TrackExistence: true})
+	_, err := index.CreateField("f", pilosa.OptFieldTypeDefault())
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	// Set bits.
+	if _, err := c[0].API.Query(context.Background(), &pilosa.QueryRequest{Index: "i", Query: `` +
+		fmt.Sprintf("Set(%d, f=%d)\n", 3, 10) +
+		fmt.Sprintf("Set(%d, f=%d)\n", ShardWidth+1, 10) +
+		fmt.Sprintf("Set(%d, f=%d)\n", ShardWidth+2, 20),
+	}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	// Populated row.
+	if res, err := c[0].API.Query(context.Background(), &pilosa.QueryRequest{Index: "i", Query: `Not(Row(f=20))`}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	} else if bits := res.Results[0].(*pilosa.Row).Columns(); !reflect.DeepEqual(bits, []uint64{3, ShardWidth + 1}) {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected columns: %+v", bits)
+	}
+
+	// Populated row.
+	if res, err := c[0].API.Query(context.Background(), &pilosa.QueryRequest{Index: "i", Query: `Not(Row(f=0))`}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	} else if bits := res.Results[0].(*pilosa.Row).Columns(); !reflect.DeepEqual(bits, []uint64{3, ShardWidth + 1, ShardWidth + 2}) {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected columns: %+v", bits)
+	}
+
+	// All existing.
+	if res, err := c[0].API.Query(context.Background(), &pilosa.QueryRequest{Index: "i", Query: `Not(Union(Row(f=10), Row(f=20)))`}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	} else if bits := res.Results[0].(*pilosa.Row).Columns(); !reflect.DeepEqual(bits, []uint64{}) {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected columns: %+v", bits)
+	}
+}
+
+func benchmarkExistence(nn bool, b *testing.B) {
+	c := test.MustRunCluster(b, 1)
+	defer c.Close()
+	hldr := test.Holder{Holder: c[0].Server.Holder()}
+
+	indexName := "i"
+	fieldName := "f"
+
+	index := hldr.MustCreateIndexIfNotExists(indexName, pilosa.IndexOptions{TrackExistence: nn})
+	// Create field.
+	if _, err := index.CreateFieldIfNotExists(fieldName); err != nil {
+		b.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	bitCount := 10000
+	req := &pilosa.ImportRequest{
+		Index:     indexName,
+		Field:     fieldName,
+		Shard:     0,
+		RowIDs:    make([]uint64, bitCount),
+		ColumnIDs: make([]uint64, bitCount),
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < bitCount; i++ {
+		req.RowIDs[i] = uint64(rand.Intn(100000))
+		req.ColumnIDs[i] = uint64(rand.Intn(1 << 20))
+	}
+
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		if err := c[0].API.Import(context.Background(), req); err != nil {
+			b.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkExecutor_Existence_True(b *testing.B)  { benchmarkExistence(true, b) }
+func BenchmarkExecutor_Existence_False(b *testing.B) { benchmarkExistence(false, b) }
--- a/field.go
+++ b/field.go
@ -159,12 +159,17 @@ func OptFieldTypeMutex(cacheType string, cacheSize uint32) FieldOption {
 func NewField(path, index, name string, opts FieldOption) (*Field, error) {
 	err := validateName(name)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "validating name")
 	}

+	return newField(path, index, name, opts)
+}
+
+// newField returns a new instance of field (without name validation).
+func newField(path, index, name string, opts FieldOption) (*Field, error) {
 	// Apply functional option.
 	fo := FieldOptions{}
-	err = opts(&fo)
+	err := opts(&fo)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "applying option")
 	}
--- a/fragment_internal_test.go
+++ b/fragment_internal_test.go
@ -749,7 +749,7 @@ func TestFragment_TopN_CacheSize(t *testing.T) {
 	cacheSize := uint32(3)

 	// Create Index.
-	index := mustOpenIndex()
+	index := mustOpenIndex(IndexOptions{})
 	defer index.Close()

 	// Create field.
@ -915,7 +915,7 @@ func TestFragment_LRUCache_Persistence(t *testing.T) {

 // Ensure a fragment's cache can be persisted between restarts.
 func TestFragment_RankCache_Persistence(t *testing.T) {
-	index := mustOpenIndex()
+	index := mustOpenIndex(IndexOptions{})
 	defer index.Close()

 	// Create field.
--- a/holder.go
+++ b/holder.go
@ -38,6 +38,9 @@ const (

 	// fileLimit is the maximum open file limit (ulimit -n) to automatically set.
 	fileLimit = 262144 // (512^2)
+
+	// existenceFieldName is the name of the internal field used to store existence values.
+	existenceFieldName = "exists"
 )

 // Holder represents a container for indexes.
@ -354,6 +357,7 @@ func (h *Holder) createIndex(name string, opt IndexOptions) (*Index, error) {
 	}

 	index.keys = opt.Keys
+	index.trackExistence = opt.TrackExistence

 	if err := index.Open(); err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "opening")
--- a/http/client_test.go
+++ b/http/client_test.go
@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ func TestClient_Export(t *testing.T) {
 		{RowID: 2, ColumnID: 203, RowKey: "row2", ColumnKey: "col203"},
 	}

-	t.Run("Import unkeyed,unkeyedf", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("Export unkeyed,unkeyedf", func(t *testing.T) {
 		// Populate data.
 		for _, bit := range data {
 			_, err := c.Query(context.Background(), "unkeyed", &pilosa.QueryRequest{
@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ func TestClient_Export(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	})

-	t.Run("Import unkeyed,keyedf", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("Export unkeyed,keyedf", func(t *testing.T) {
 		// Populate data.
 		for _, bit := range data {
 			_, err := c.Query(context.Background(), "unkeyed", &pilosa.QueryRequest{
@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ func TestClient_Export(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	})

-	t.Run("Import keyed,unkeyedf", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("Export keyed,unkeyedf", func(t *testing.T) {
 		// Populate data.
 		for _, bit := range data {
 			_, err := c.Query(context.Background(), "keyed", &pilosa.QueryRequest{
@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ func TestClient_Export(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	})

-	t.Run("Import keyed,keyedf", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("Export keyed,keyedf", func(t *testing.T) {
 		// Populate data.
 		for _, bit := range data {
 			_, err := c.Query(context.Background(), "keyed", &pilosa.QueryRequest{
@ -708,6 +708,83 @@ func TestClient_ImportValue(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

+// Ensure client can bulk import data while tracking existence.
+func TestClient_ImportExistence(t *testing.T) {
+	cmd := test.MustRunCluster(t, 1)[0]
+	host := cmd.URL()
+	holder := cmd.Server.Holder()
+	hldr := test.Holder{Holder: holder}
+
+	t.Run("Set", func(t *testing.T) {
+		idxName := "iset"
+		fldName := "fset"
+
+		index := hldr.MustCreateIndexIfNotExists(idxName, pilosa.IndexOptions{TrackExistence: true})
+		_, err := index.CreateFieldIfNotExists(fldName)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		// Send import request.
+		c := MustNewClient(host, http.GetHTTPClient(nil))
+		if err := c.Import(context.Background(), idxName, fldName, 0, []pilosa.Bit{
+			{RowID: 0, ColumnID: 1},
+			{RowID: 0, ColumnID: 5},
+			{RowID: 200, ColumnID: 6},
+		}); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		// Verify data.
+		if a := hldr.Row(idxName, fldName, 0).Columns(); !reflect.DeepEqual(a, []uint64{1, 5}) {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected columns: %+v", a)
+		}
+		if a := hldr.Row(idxName, fldName, 200).Columns(); !reflect.DeepEqual(a, []uint64{6}) {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected columns: %+v", a)
+		}
+
+		// Verify existence.
+		if a := hldr.ReadRow(idxName, "exists", 0).Columns(); !reflect.DeepEqual(a, []uint64{1, 5, 6}) {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected existence columns: %+v", a)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Int", func(t *testing.T) {
+		idxName := "iint"
+		fldName := "fint"
+
+		index := hldr.MustCreateIndexIfNotExists(idxName, pilosa.IndexOptions{TrackExistence: true})
+		field, err := index.CreateFieldIfNotExists(fldName, pilosa.OptFieldTypeInt(-100, 100))
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		// Send import request.
+		c := MustNewClient(host, http.GetHTTPClient(nil))
+		if err := c.ImportValue(context.Background(), idxName, fldName, 0, []pilosa.FieldValue{
+			{ColumnID: 1, Value: -10},
+			{ColumnID: 2, Value: 20},
+			{ColumnID: 3, Value: 40},
+		}); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		// Verify Sum.
+		sum, cnt, err := field.Sum(nil, fldName)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if sum != 50 || cnt != 3 {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected values: got sum=%v, count=%v; expected sum=50, cnt=3", sum, cnt)
+		}
+
+		// Verify existence.
+		if a := hldr.ReadRow(idxName, "exists", 0).Columns(); !reflect.DeepEqual(a, []uint64{1, 2, 3}) {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected existence columns: %+v", a)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
 // Ensure client can retrieve a list of all checksums for blocks in a fragment.
 func TestClient_FragmentBlocks(t *testing.T) {
 	cmd := test.MustRunCluster(t, 1)[0]
--- a/index.go
+++ b/index.go
@ -36,6 +36,10 @@ type Index struct {
 	name string
 	keys bool // use string keys

+	// Existence tracking.
+	trackExistence bool
+	existenceFld   *Field
+
 	// Fields by name.
 	fields map[string]*Field

@ -91,7 +95,10 @@ func (i *Index) Options() IndexOptions {
 }

 func (i *Index) options() IndexOptions {
-	return IndexOptions{Keys: i.keys}
+	return IndexOptions{
+		Keys:           i.keys,
+		TrackExistence: i.trackExistence,
+	}
 }

 // Open opens and initializes the index.
@ -110,6 +117,12 @@ func (i *Index) Open() error {
 		return errors.Wrap(err, "opening fields")
 	}

+	if i.trackExistence {
+		if err := i.openExistenceField(); err != nil {
+			return errors.Wrap(err, "opening existence field")
+		}
+	}
+
 	if err := i.columnAttrs.Open(); err != nil {
 		return errors.Wrap(err, "opening attrstore")
 	}
@ -147,6 +160,16 @@ func (i *Index) openFields() error {
 	return nil
 }

+// openExistenceField gets or creates the existence field and associates it to the index.
+func (i *Index) openExistenceField() error {
+	f, err := i.createFieldIfNotExists(existenceFieldName, FieldOptions{CacheType: CacheTypeNone, CacheSize: 0})
+	if err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "creating existence field")
+	}
+	i.existenceFld = f
+	return nil
+}
+
 // loadMeta reads meta data for the index, if any.
 func (i *Index) loadMeta() error {
 	var pb internal.IndexMeta
@ -165,6 +188,7 @@ func (i *Index) loadMeta() error {

 	// Copy metadata fields.
 	i.keys = pb.Keys
+	i.trackExistence = pb.TrackExistence

 	return nil
 }
@ -173,7 +197,8 @@ func (i *Index) loadMeta() error {
 func (i *Index) saveMeta() error {
 	// Marshal metadata.
 	buf, err := proto.Marshal(&internal.IndexMeta{
-		Keys: i.keys,
+		Keys:           i.keys,
+		TrackExistence: i.trackExistence,
 	})
 	if err != nil {
 		return errors.Wrap(err, "marshalling")
@ -250,6 +275,14 @@ func (i *Index) Fields() []*Field {
 	return a
 }

+// existenceField returns the internal field used to track column existence.
+func (i *Index) existenceField() *Field {
+	i.mu.RLock()
+	defer i.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	return i.existenceFld
+}
+
 // recalculateCaches recalculates caches on every field in the index.
 func (i *Index) recalculateCaches() {
 	for _, field := range i.Fields() {
@ -259,6 +292,11 @@ func (i *Index) recalculateCaches() {

 // CreateField creates a field.
 func (i *Index) CreateField(name string, opts ...FieldOption) (*Field, error) {
+	err := validateName(name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "validating name")
+	}
+
 	i.mu.Lock()
 	defer i.mu.Unlock()

@ -281,6 +319,11 @@ func (i *Index) CreateField(name string, opts ...FieldOption) (*Field, error) {

 // CreateFieldIfNotExists creates a field with the given options if it doesn't exist.
 func (i *Index) CreateFieldIfNotExists(name string, opts ...FieldOption) (*Field, error) {
+	err := validateName(name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "validating name")
+	}
+
 	i.mu.Lock()
 	defer i.mu.Unlock()

@ -349,7 +392,7 @@ func (i *Index) createField(name string, opt FieldOptions) (*Field, error) {
 }

 func (i *Index) newField(path, name string) (*Field, error) {
-	f, err := NewField(path, i.name, name, OptFieldTypeDefault())
+	f, err := newField(path, i.name, name, OptFieldTypeDefault())
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@ -381,6 +424,18 @@ func (i *Index) DeleteField(name string) error {
 		return errors.Wrap(err, "removing directory")
 	}

+	// If the field being deleted is the existence field,
+	// turn off existence tracking on the index.
+	if name == existenceFieldName {
+		i.trackExistence = false
+		i.existenceFld = nil
+
+		// Update meta data on disk.
+		if err := i.saveMeta(); err != nil {
+			return errors.Wrap(err, "saving existence meta data")
+		}
+	}
+
 	// Remove reference.
 	delete(i.fields, name)

@ -408,7 +463,8 @@ func (p indexInfoSlice) Less(i, j int) bool { return p[i].Name < p[j].Name }

 // IndexOptions represents options to set when initializing an index.
 type IndexOptions struct {
-	Keys bool `json:"keys"`
+	Keys           bool `json:"keys"`
+	TrackExistence bool `json:"trackExistence"`
 }

 // hasTime returns true if a contains a non-nil time.
--- a/index_internal_test.go
+++ b/index_internal_test.go
@ -16,10 +16,11 @@ package pilosa

 import (
 	"io/ioutil"
+	"testing"
 )

 // mustOpenIndex returns a new, opened index at a temporary path. Panic on error.
-func mustOpenIndex() *Index {
+func mustOpenIndex(opt IndexOptions) *Index {
 	path, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "pilosa-index-")
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
@ -28,6 +29,10 @@ func mustOpenIndex() *Index {
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
+
+	index.keys = opt.Keys
+	index.trackExistence = opt.TrackExistence
+
 	if err := index.Open(); err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
@ -44,3 +49,40 @@ func (i *Index) reopen() error {
 	}
 	return nil
 }
+
+// Ensure that deleting the existence field is handled properly.
+func TestIndex_Existence_Delete(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create Index (with existence tracking).
+	index := mustOpenIndex(IndexOptions{TrackExistence: true})
+	defer index.Close()
+
+	// Ensure existence field has been created.
+	ef := index.Field(existenceFieldName)
+	if ef == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected field to have been created: %s", existenceFieldName)
+	} else if !index.trackExistence {
+		t.Fatalf("expected index.trackExistence to be true")
+	} else if index.existenceFld == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected index.existenceField to be non-nil")
+	}
+
+	// Delete existence field.
+	if err := index.DeleteField(existenceFieldName); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	// Re-open index.
+	if err := index.reopen(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	// Ensure existence field no longer exists.
+	ef = index.Field(existenceFieldName)
+	if ef != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected field to have been deleted: %s", existenceFieldName)
+	} else if index.trackExistence {
+		t.Fatalf("expected index.trackExistence to be false")
+	} else if index.existenceFld != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected index.existenceField to be nil")
+	}
+}
--- a/internal/private.pb.go
+++ b/internal/private.pb.go
@ -62,7 +62,8 @@ var _ = math.Inf
 const _ = proto.ProtoPackageIsVersion2 // please upgrade the proto package

 type IndexMeta struct {
-	Keys bool `protobuf:"varint,3,opt,name=Keys,proto3" json:"Keys,omitempty"`
+	Keys           bool `protobuf:"varint,3,opt,name=Keys,proto3" json:"Keys,omitempty"`
+	TrackExistence bool `protobuf:"varint,4,opt,name=TrackExistence,proto3" json:"TrackExistence,omitempty"`
 }

 func (m *IndexMeta) Reset()                    { *m = IndexMeta{} }
@ -77,6 +78,13 @@ func (m *IndexMeta) GetKeys() bool {
 	return false
 }

+func (m *IndexMeta) GetTrackExistence() bool {
+	if m != nil {
+		return m.TrackExistence
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
 type FieldOptions struct {
 	Type        string `protobuf:"bytes,8,opt,name=Type,proto3" json:"Type,omitempty"`
 	CacheType   string `protobuf:"bytes,3,opt,name=CacheType,proto3" json:"CacheType,omitempty"`
@ -1051,6 +1059,16 @@ func (m *IndexMeta) MarshalTo(dAtA []byte) (int, error) {
 		}
 		i++
 	}
+	if m.TrackExistence {
+		dAtA[i] = 0x20
+		i++
+		if m.TrackExistence {
+			dAtA[i] = 1
+		} else {
+			dAtA[i] = 0
+		}
+		i++
+	}
 	return i, nil
 }

@ -2300,6 +2318,9 @@ func (m *IndexMeta) Size() (n int) {
 	if m.Keys {
 		n += 2
 	}
+	if m.TrackExistence {
+		n += 2
+	}
 	return n
 }

@ -2902,6 +2923,26 @@ func (m *IndexMeta) Unmarshal(dAtA []byte) error {
 				}
 			}
 			m.Keys = bool(v != 0)
+		case 4:
+			if wireType != 0 {
+				return fmt.Errorf("proto: wrong wireType = %d for field TrackExistence", wireType)
+			}
+			var v int
+			for shift := uint(0); ; shift += 7 {
+				if shift >= 64 {
+					return ErrIntOverflowPrivate
+				}
+				if iNdEx >= l {
+					return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+				}
+				b := dAtA[iNdEx]
+				iNdEx++
+				v |= (int(b) & 0x7F) << shift
+				if b < 0x80 {
+					break
+				}
+			}
+			m.TrackExistence = bool(v != 0)
 		default:
 			iNdEx = preIndex
 			skippy, err := skipPrivate(dAtA[iNdEx:])
@ -7143,73 +7184,74 @@ var (
 func init() { proto.RegisterFile("private.proto", fileDescriptorPrivate) }

 var fileDescriptorPrivate = []byte{
-	// 1077 bytes of a gzipped FileDescriptorProto
-	0x1f, 0x8b, 0x08, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0xff, 0xac, 0x56, 0xdd, 0x6e, 0x1b, 0x45,
-	0x14, 0x66, 0x7f, 0xec, 0xda, 0xc7, 0x75, 0x9a, 0x6c, 0x69, 0xd8, 0x22, 0x94, 0x9a, 0x51, 0xa5,
-	0x9a, 0x4a, 0x84, 0xaa, 0xbd, 0xe1, 0xaf, 0x52, 0x49, 0x1c, 0x60, 0x29, 0x09, 0x65, 0x36, 0xc9,
-	0x5d, 0x2f, 0x26, 0xf6, 0xa8, 0x59, 0x65, 0xbd, 0xb3, 0xec, 0xce, 0x26, 0x71, 0x2f, 0xb8, 0x05,
-	0x89, 0x17, 0x40, 0x3c, 0x09, 0x8f, 0xc0, 0x25, 0x8f, 0x80, 0xc2, 0x8b, 0xa0, 0x39, 0x33, 0xfb,
-	0x13, 0xc7, 0x21, 0x55, 0xe0, 0x6e, 0xce, 0x77, 0xce, 0x9c, 0xf3, 0xed, 0xf9, 0x9b, 0x85, 0x7e,
-	0x9a, 0x45, 0xc7, 0x4c, 0xf2, 0xf5, 0x34, 0x13, 0x52, 0x78, 0x9d, 0x28, 0x91, 0x3c, 0x4b, 0x58,
-	0x4c, 0xee, 0x41, 0x37, 0x48, 0x26, 0xfc, 0x74, 0x9b, 0x4b, 0xe6, 0x79, 0xe0, 0x3e, 0xe7, 0xb3,
-	0xdc, 0x77, 0x06, 0xd6, 0xb0, 0x43, 0xf1, 0x4c, 0x7e, 0xb7, 0xe0, 0xe6, 0x97, 0x11, 0x8f, 0x27,
-	0xdf, 0xa5, 0x32, 0x12, 0x49, 0xee, 0xbd, 0x07, 0xdd, 0x4d, 0x36, 0x3e, 0xe4, 0xbb, 0xb3, 0x94,
-	0xa3, 0x65, 0x97, 0xd6, 0x40, 0xa5, 0x0d, 0xa3, 0xd7, 0xdc, 0x77, 0x07, 0xd6, 0xb0, 0x4f, 0x6b,
-	0xc0, 0x1b, 0x40, 0x6f, 0x37, 0x9a, 0xf2, 0xef, 0x0b, 0x96, 0xc8, 0x62, 0xea, 0xb7, 0xf0, 0x76,
-	0x13, 0x52, 0x14, 0xd0, 0x71, 0x07, 0x55, 0x78, 0xf6, 0x96, 0xc1, 0xd9, 0x8e, 0x12, 0xbf, 0x3b,
-	0xb0, 0x86, 0x0e, 0x55, 0x47, 0x44, 0xd8, 0xa9, 0x0f, 0x06, 0x61, 0xa7, 0x15, 0xf5, 0x5e, 0x83,
-	0x3a, 0x81, 0xa5, 0x60, 0x9a, 0x8a, 0x4c, 0x52, 0x9e, 0xa7, 0x22, 0xc9, 0xd1, 0xd3, 0x56, 0x96,
-	0xf9, 0x16, 0x3a, 0x57, 0x47, 0xf2, 0x23, 0x2c, 0x6f, 0xc4, 0x62, 0x7c, 0x34, 0x62, 0x92, 0x51,
-	0xfe, 0x43, 0xc1, 0x73, 0xe9, 0xbd, 0x0d, 0x2d, 0xcc, 0x89, 0xb1, 0xd3, 0x82, 0x42, 0x31, 0x0f,
-	0xbe, 0xad, 0x51, 0x14, 0x14, 0x8a, 0xf7, 0x31, 0x13, 0x2e, 0xd5, 0x82, 0x42, 0xc3, 0x43, 0x96,
-	0x4d, 0x30, 0x03, 0x2e, 0xd5, 0x82, 0xe2, 0xb8, 0x1f, 0xf1, 0x13, 0xf3, 0xd9, 0x78, 0x26, 0x01,
-	0xac, 0x34, 0xe2, 0x1b, 0x9a, 0xab, 0xd0, 0xa6, 0xe2, 0x24, 0x18, 0xe5, 0xbe, 0x35, 0x70, 0x86,
-	0x2e, 0x35, 0x12, 0x26, 0x57, 0xc4, 0xc5, 0x34, 0x51, 0x2a, 0x1b, 0x55, 0x35, 0x40, 0xee, 0x42,
-	0x0b, 0x33, 0xad, 0xbe, 0xb2, 0xbe, 0xab, 0x8e, 0xe4, 0x27, 0x0b, 0xba, 0xdb, 0xec, 0x14, 0x69,
-	0xe4, 0xde, 0x53, 0xe8, 0x84, 0x92, 0x25, 0x13, 0x45, 0x50, 0x19, 0xf5, 0x1e, 0xbf, 0xbf, 0x5e,
-	0x36, 0xc4, 0x7a, 0x65, 0xb6, 0x5e, 0xda, 0x6c, 0x25, 0x32, 0x9b, 0xd1, 0xea, 0xca, 0xbb, 0x9f,
-	0x41, 0xff, 0x9c, 0x4a, 0xc5, 0x3b, 0xe2, 0xb3, 0x32, 0xab, 0x47, 0x7c, 0xa6, 0xbe, 0xff, 0x98,
-	0xc5, 0x05, 0xc7, 0x5c, 0xb9, 0x54, 0x0b, 0x9f, 0xda, 0x1f, 0x5b, 0x64, 0x1f, 0xbc, 0xcd, 0x8c,
-	0x33, 0xc9, 0x31, 0xc8, 0x36, 0xcf, 0x73, 0xf6, 0x8a, 0x5f, 0x9e, 0x71, 0x9d, 0x45, 0xbb, 0x99,
-	0xc5, 0xaa, 0x0e, 0x4e, 0xa3, 0x0e, 0xe4, 0x21, 0x78, 0x23, 0x1e, 0x73, 0xc9, 0x4d, 0x37, 0xff,
-	0x8b, 0x5f, 0x12, 0x96, 0x1c, 0xae, 0xb6, 0xf5, 0x1e, 0x80, 0xab, 0x46, 0x03, 0x29, 0xf4, 0x1e,
-	0xdf, 0xae, 0xf3, 0x54, 0x4d, 0x0d, 0x45, 0x03, 0x12, 0x97, 0x4e, 0x91, 0xcf, 0x95, 0x1f, 0xb6,
-	0xa0, 0x95, 0x1e, 0x9a, 0x50, 0x0e, 0x86, 0x5a, 0xad, 0x43, 0x35, 0xc7, 0xcf, 0x44, 0x7b, 0x56,
-	0x7e, 0xee, 0x75, 0xa3, 0x91, 0x97, 0x06, 0x55, 0x5d, 0xb9, 0xc3, 0xa6, 0xdc, 0xdc, 0xc1, 0x73,
-	0x45, 0xc5, 0xbe, 0x9a, 0x8a, 0x72, 0xaf, 0x3a, 0x59, 0x6d, 0x0d, 0x47, 0xb9, 0x47, 0x81, 0x3c,
-	0x81, 0x76, 0x38, 0x3e, 0xe4, 0x53, 0xe6, 0x7d, 0x00, 0x37, 0x90, 0x07, 0xcf, 0x4d, 0xb3, 0xdd,
-	0x9a, 0x4b, 0x22, 0x2d, 0xf5, 0x64, 0x64, 0xf8, 0x2f, 0xe4, 0xf4, 0x00, 0xda, 0x18, 0x3d, 0xf7,
-	0xdd, 0x79, 0x37, 0x88, 0x53, 0xa3, 0x26, 0x5b, 0xe0, 0xec, 0xd1, 0x40, 0x0d, 0x11, 0x32, 0x28,
-	0xbd, 0x18, 0x49, 0xf9, 0xfe, 0x5a, 0xe4, 0xd2, 0x64, 0x03, 0xcf, 0x0a, 0x7b, 0x21, 0x32, 0x89,
-	0xa9, 0xef, 0x53, 0x3c, 0x93, 0x97, 0xe0, 0xee, 0x88, 0x09, 0xf7, 0x96, 0xc0, 0x0e, 0x46, 0xc6,
-	0x87, 0x1d, 0x8c, 0xbc, 0x7b, 0xe8, 0xde, 0xa4, 0xa6, 0x5f, 0x93, 0xd8, 0xa3, 0x01, 0xc5, 0xc0,
-	0xf7, 0xa1, 0x1f, 0xe4, 0x9b, 0x42, 0x64, 0x93, 0x28, 0x61, 0x52, 0x64, 0x66, 0x9d, 0x9e, 0x07,
-	0xc9, 0x33, 0x58, 0x56, 0xee, 0x43, 0xc9, 0x24, 0x2f, 0xeb, 0xb7, 0x0a, 0x6d, 0x85, 0x55, 0xe1,
-	0x8c, 0x84, 0x83, 0xa0, 0xec, 0xca, 0x0a, 0xa2, 0x40, 0xbe, 0xd5, 0x1e, 0xb6, 0x8e, 0x79, 0x22,
-	0x1b, 0x1d, 0x80, 0x32, 0x3a, 0xe8, 0x53, 0x2d, 0x78, 0x44, 0x7f, 0x8a, 0xe1, 0xbc, 0x54, 0x73,
-	0x56, 0x28, 0x45, 0x1d, 0xf9, 0xc5, 0x02, 0x28, 0x09, 0x15, 0x79, 0x75, 0xc5, 0xba, 0xfc, 0x8a,
-	0x37, 0x2c, 0x6b, 0x6c, 0x5a, 0x76, 0xb9, 0xb6, 0xd2, 0x38, 0x2d, 0x7b, 0xe0, 0xa3, 0xba, 0x07,
-	0x74, 0xf1, 0xee, 0xcc, 0xf5, 0x80, 0x8e, 0x5a, 0x77, 0xc2, 0x0b, 0xe8, 0x35, 0xf0, 0x85, 0xfd,
-	0xf0, 0x61, 0xd5, 0x0f, 0xf6, 0xbc, 0x4b, 0xc4, 0x8d, 0xcb, 0xb2, 0x2b, 0x9e, 0x43, 0xaf, 0x01,
-	0x2f, 0xf4, 0x38, 0x84, 0x5b, 0x5f, 0x1c, 0xb3, 0x28, 0x66, 0x07, 0xb1, 0x5e, 0x4f, 0xe5, 0x92,
-	0x9d, 0x87, 0x49, 0x04, 0xfd, 0xcd, 0xb8, 0xc8, 0x25, 0xcf, 0x8c, 0x3b, 0xb5, 0x99, 0x35, 0x50,
-	0x15, 0xaf, 0x06, 0x16, 0xd7, 0xcf, 0xbb, 0x0f, 0x2d, 0x95, 0x46, 0x3d, 0x38, 0x17, 0x73, 0xac,
-	0x95, 0x64, 0x1f, 0x3a, 0x1b, 0x61, 0xf0, 0x55, 0x26, 0x8a, 0x74, 0x21, 0xe9, 0xf2, 0xc1, 0xb4,
-	0x2f, 0x3e, 0x98, 0xce, 0x85, 0x07, 0xd3, 0xad, 0x1e, 0x4c, 0x12, 0xc2, 0x8a, 0xde, 0x57, 0x6a,
-	0x5e, 0xaf, 0xb3, 0xae, 0xca, 0xd7, 0xcc, 0x69, 0xbc, 0x66, 0x21, 0xac, 0xe8, 0xb5, 0xf4, 0x7f,
-	0x3a, 0xfd, 0xcd, 0x86, 0x15, 0xca, 0xf3, 0xe8, 0x35, 0x0f, 0x92, 0x5c, 0x66, 0xc5, 0x58, 0x6d,
-	0x1f, 0x75, 0xff, 0x1b, 0x71, 0x60, 0xb2, 0xed, 0x50, 0x2d, 0xbc, 0x49, 0xa7, 0x7b, 0x8f, 0xa0,
-	0x37, 0x3f, 0x9d, 0x17, 0x4d, 0x9b, 0x26, 0xde, 0x23, 0xb8, 0x11, 0x8a, 0x22, 0x1b, 0x57, 0xed,
-	0xdb, 0xd8, 0x88, 0x9a, 0x99, 0x56, 0xd3, 0xd2, 0xac, 0x31, 0x1a, 0xad, 0x2b, 0x46, 0xe3, 0xe9,
-	0x5c, 0x2b, 0xf9, 0x6d, 0xbc, 0xf0, 0x4e, 0x7d, 0xe1, 0x9c, 0x9a, 0x9e, 0xb7, 0x26, 0x3f, 0x5b,
-	0x70, 0xb3, 0x49, 0xe1, 0x8d, 0x06, 0xb7, 0xaa, 0x88, 0xbd, 0xb0, 0x22, 0xce, 0xa2, 0x8a, 0xb8,
-	0x75, 0x45, 0xea, 0x87, 0xb9, 0xd5, 0x78, 0x98, 0xc9, 0x11, 0xdc, 0xbd, 0x50, 0xa6, 0x4d, 0x31,
-	0x4d, 0x55, 0x3f, 0xfc, 0x87, 0x72, 0xa9, 0x95, 0x96, 0x65, 0xa6, 0x50, 0x5d, 0xaa, 0x05, 0xf2,
-	0x09, 0xdc, 0x09, 0xb9, 0x6c, 0x14, 0xa9, 0xec, 0xb6, 0x01, 0x38, 0x3b, 0xfc, 0xe4, 0x92, 0xcf,
-	0x57, 0x2a, 0xf2, 0x39, 0xf8, 0x7b, 0xe9, 0x84, 0x49, 0x7e, 0xad, 0xdb, 0x1b, 0xd0, 0xd9, 0x15,
-	0xa9, 0x88, 0xc5, 0xab, 0xd9, 0x15, 0x53, 0xef, 0xc3, 0x0d, 0xbd, 0xbf, 0xf5, 0x1a, 0xe9, 0xd2,
-	0x52, 0x24, 0xb7, 0x55, 0x43, 0x8f, 0x59, 0x3c, 0x2e, 0x62, 0x45, 0x43, 0xfd, 0xb4, 0xe5, 0x1b,
-	0xcb, 0x7f, 0x9c, 0xad, 0x59, 0x7f, 0x9e, 0xad, 0x59, 0x7f, 0x9d, 0xad, 0x59, 0xbf, 0xfe, 0xbd,
-	0xf6, 0xd6, 0x41, 0x1b, 0x7f, 0xd6, 0x9f, 0xfc, 0x13, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0x7e, 0x7c, 0x6d,
-	0x22, 0xbd, 0x0b, 0x00, 0x00,
+	// 1095 bytes of a gzipped FileDescriptorProto
+	0x1f, 0x8b, 0x08, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0xff, 0xac, 0x56, 0xdd, 0x6e, 0xdc, 0x44,
+	0x14, 0xc6, 0x3f, 0xbb, 0xd9, 0x3d, 0xdb, 0x4d, 0x13, 0x97, 0x06, 0x17, 0xa1, 0x10, 0x46, 0x15,
+	0x0d, 0x95, 0x08, 0x55, 0x7b, 0xc3, 0x5f, 0xa5, 0x92, 0x6c, 0x28, 0xa6, 0x24, 0x94, 0x71, 0x92,
+	0xbb, 0x5e, 0x4c, 0x76, 0x47, 0x8d, 0x15, 0xaf, 0xc7, 0xd8, 0xe3, 0x24, 0xdb, 0x0b, 0x6e, 0x41,
+	0xe2, 0x05, 0x10, 0x4f, 0xc2, 0x23, 0x70, 0xc9, 0x23, 0xa0, 0xf0, 0x22, 0x68, 0xce, 0x8c, 0x7f,
+	0xb2, 0xd9, 0xb0, 0x55, 0xe8, 0xdd, 0x9c, 0xef, 0x9c, 0x39, 0xe7, 0x9b, 0xf3, 0x67, 0x43, 0x3f,
+	0xcd, 0xa2, 0x13, 0x26, 0xf9, 0x46, 0x9a, 0x09, 0x29, 0xbc, 0x4e, 0x94, 0x48, 0x9e, 0x25, 0x2c,
+	0x26, 0x4f, 0xa1, 0x1b, 0x24, 0x23, 0x7e, 0xb6, 0xc3, 0x25, 0xf3, 0x3c, 0x70, 0x9f, 0xf1, 0x49,
+	0xee, 0x3b, 0x6b, 0xd6, 0x7a, 0x87, 0xe2, 0xd9, 0xfb, 0x10, 0x16, 0xf7, 0x32, 0x36, 0x3c, 0xde,
+	0x3e, 0x8b, 0x72, 0xc9, 0x93, 0x21, 0xf7, 0x5d, 0xd4, 0x4e, 0xa1, 0xe4, 0x0f, 0x0b, 0x6e, 0x7c,
+	0x1d, 0xf1, 0x78, 0xf4, 0x7d, 0x2a, 0x23, 0x91, 0xe4, 0xde, 0x7b, 0xd0, 0xdd, 0x62, 0xc3, 0x23,
+	0xbe, 0x37, 0x49, 0x39, 0x7a, 0xec, 0xd2, 0x1a, 0xa8, 0xb4, 0x61, 0xf4, 0x4a, 0x7b, 0xec, 0xd3,
+	0x1a, 0xf0, 0xd6, 0xa0, 0xb7, 0x17, 0x8d, 0xf9, 0x0f, 0x05, 0x4b, 0x64, 0x31, 0xf6, 0x5b, 0x78,
+	0xbb, 0x09, 0x29, 0xaa, 0xe8, 0xb8, 0x83, 0x2a, 0x3c, 0x7b, 0x4b, 0xe0, 0xec, 0x44, 0x89, 0xdf,
+	0x5d, 0xb3, 0xd6, 0x1d, 0xaa, 0x8e, 0x88, 0xb0, 0x33, 0x1f, 0x0c, 0xc2, 0xce, 0xaa, 0x27, 0xf6,
+	0xea, 0x27, 0x12, 0x02, 0x8b, 0xc1, 0x38, 0x15, 0x99, 0xa4, 0x3c, 0x4f, 0x45, 0x92, 0xa3, 0xa7,
+	0xed, 0x2c, 0xf3, 0x2d, 0x74, 0xae, 0x8e, 0xe4, 0x27, 0x58, 0xda, 0x8c, 0xc5, 0xf0, 0x78, 0xc0,
+	0x24, 0xa3, 0xfc, 0xc7, 0x82, 0xe7, 0xd2, 0x7b, 0x1b, 0x5a, 0x98, 0x3b, 0x63, 0xa7, 0x05, 0x85,
+	0x62, 0x1e, 0x7c, 0x5b, 0xa3, 0x28, 0x28, 0x14, 0xef, 0x63, 0x26, 0x5c, 0xaa, 0x05, 0x85, 0x86,
+	0x47, 0x2c, 0x1b, 0x61, 0x06, 0x5c, 0xaa, 0x05, 0xc5, 0xf1, 0x20, 0xe2, 0xa7, 0xe6, 0xd9, 0x78,
+	0x26, 0x01, 0x2c, 0x37, 0xe2, 0x1b, 0x9a, 0x2b, 0xd0, 0xa6, 0xe2, 0x34, 0x18, 0xe4, 0xbe, 0xb5,
+	0xe6, 0xac, 0xbb, 0xd4, 0x48, 0x98, 0x5c, 0x11, 0x17, 0xe3, 0x44, 0xa9, 0x6c, 0x54, 0xd5, 0x00,
+	0xb9, 0x03, 0x2d, 0xcc, 0xb4, 0x7a, 0x65, 0x7d, 0x57, 0x1d, 0xc9, 0xcf, 0x16, 0x74, 0x77, 0xd8,
+	0x19, 0xd2, 0xc8, 0xbd, 0xc7, 0xd0, 0x09, 0x25, 0x4b, 0x46, 0x8a, 0xa0, 0x32, 0xea, 0x3d, 0xfc,
+	0x60, 0xa3, 0x6c, 0x9c, 0x8d, 0xca, 0x6c, 0xa3, 0xb4, 0xd9, 0x4e, 0x64, 0x36, 0xa1, 0xd5, 0x95,
+	0x77, 0xbf, 0x80, 0xfe, 0x05, 0x95, 0x8a, 0x77, 0xcc, 0x27, 0x65, 0x56, 0x8f, 0xf9, 0x44, 0xbd,
+	0xff, 0x84, 0xc5, 0x05, 0xc7, 0x5c, 0xb9, 0x54, 0x0b, 0x9f, 0xdb, 0x9f, 0x5a, 0xe4, 0x00, 0xbc,
+	0xad, 0x8c, 0x33, 0xc9, 0x31, 0xc8, 0x0e, 0xcf, 0x73, 0xf6, 0x92, 0x5f, 0x9d, 0x71, 0x9d, 0x45,
+	0xbb, 0x99, 0xc5, 0xaa, 0x0e, 0x4e, 0xa3, 0x0e, 0xe4, 0x3e, 0x78, 0x03, 0x1e, 0x73, 0xc9, 0x4d,
+	0xd7, 0xff, 0x87, 0x5f, 0x12, 0x96, 0x1c, 0xe6, 0xdb, 0x7a, 0xf7, 0xc0, 0x55, 0x23, 0x84, 0x14,
+	0x7a, 0x0f, 0x6f, 0xd5, 0x79, 0xaa, 0xa6, 0x8b, 0xa2, 0x01, 0x89, 0x4b, 0xa7, 0xc8, 0x67, 0xee,
+	0xc3, 0x66, 0xb4, 0xd2, 0x7d, 0x13, 0xca, 0xc1, 0x50, 0x2b, 0x75, 0xa8, 0xe6, 0xf8, 0x99, 0x68,
+	0x4f, 0xca, 0xe7, 0x5e, 0x37, 0x1a, 0x79, 0x61, 0x50, 0xd5, 0x95, 0xbb, 0x6c, 0xcc, 0xcd, 0x1d,
+	0x3c, 0x57, 0x54, 0xec, 0xf9, 0x54, 0x94, 0x7b, 0xd5, 0xc9, 0x6a, 0xbb, 0x38, 0xca, 0x3d, 0x0a,
+	0xe4, 0x11, 0xb4, 0xc3, 0xe1, 0x11, 0x1f, 0x33, 0xef, 0x23, 0x58, 0x40, 0x1e, 0x3c, 0x37, 0xcd,
+	0x76, 0x73, 0x2a, 0x89, 0xb4, 0xd4, 0x93, 0x81, 0xe1, 0x3f, 0x93, 0xd3, 0x3d, 0x68, 0x63, 0xf4,
+	0xdc, 0x77, 0xa7, 0xdd, 0x20, 0x4e, 0x8d, 0x9a, 0x6c, 0x83, 0xb3, 0x4f, 0x03, 0x35, 0x44, 0xc8,
+	0xa0, 0xf4, 0x62, 0x24, 0xe5, 0xfb, 0x1b, 0x91, 0x4b, 0x93, 0x0d, 0x3c, 0x2b, 0xec, 0xb9, 0xc8,
+	0x24, 0xa6, 0xbe, 0x4f, 0xf1, 0x4c, 0x5e, 0x80, 0xbb, 0x2b, 0x46, 0xdc, 0x5b, 0x04, 0x3b, 0x18,
+	0x18, 0x1f, 0x76, 0x30, 0xf0, 0xde, 0x47, 0xf7, 0x26, 0x35, 0xfd, 0x9a, 0xc4, 0x3e, 0x0d, 0x28,
+	0x06, 0xbe, 0x0b, 0xfd, 0x20, 0xdf, 0x12, 0x22, 0x1b, 0x45, 0x09, 0x93, 0x22, 0x33, 0x6b, 0xf7,
+	0x22, 0x48, 0x9e, 0xc0, 0x92, 0x72, 0x1f, 0x4a, 0x26, 0x79, 0x59, 0xbf, 0x15, 0x68, 0x2b, 0xac,
+	0x0a, 0x67, 0x24, 0x1c, 0x04, 0x65, 0x57, 0x56, 0x10, 0x05, 0xf2, 0x9d, 0xf6, 0xb0, 0x7d, 0xc2,
+	0x13, 0xd9, 0xe8, 0x00, 0x94, 0xd1, 0x41, 0x9f, 0x6a, 0xc1, 0x23, 0xfa, 0x29, 0x86, 0xf3, 0x62,
+	0xcd, 0x59, 0xa1, 0x14, 0x75, 0xe4, 0x57, 0x0b, 0xa0, 0x24, 0x54, 0xe4, 0xd5, 0x15, 0xeb, 0xea,
+	0x2b, 0xde, 0x7a, 0x59, 0x63, 0xd3, 0xb2, 0x4b, 0xb5, 0x95, 0xc6, 0x69, 0xd9, 0x03, 0x9f, 0xd4,
+	0x3d, 0xa0, 0x8b, 0x77, 0x7b, 0xaa, 0x07, 0x74, 0xd4, 0xba, 0x13, 0x9e, 0x43, 0xaf, 0x81, 0xcf,
+	0xec, 0x87, 0x8f, 0xab, 0x7e, 0xb0, 0xa7, 0x5d, 0x22, 0x6e, 0x5c, 0x96, 0x5d, 0xf1, 0x0c, 0x7a,
+	0x0d, 0x78, 0xa6, 0xc7, 0x75, 0xb8, 0xf9, 0xd5, 0x09, 0x8b, 0x62, 0x76, 0x18, 0xeb, 0xf5, 0x54,
+	0x2e, 0xd9, 0x69, 0x98, 0x44, 0xd0, 0xdf, 0x8a, 0x8b, 0x5c, 0xf2, 0xcc, 0xb8, 0x53, 0x9b, 0x59,
+	0x03, 0x55, 0xf1, 0x6a, 0x60, 0x76, 0xfd, 0xbc, 0xbb, 0xd0, 0x52, 0x69, 0xd4, 0x83, 0x73, 0x39,
+	0xc7, 0x5a, 0x49, 0x0e, 0xa0, 0xb3, 0x19, 0x06, 0x4f, 0x33, 0x51, 0xa4, 0x33, 0x49, 0x97, 0x1f,
+	0x4c, 0xfb, 0xf2, 0x07, 0xd3, 0xb9, 0xf4, 0xc1, 0x74, 0xab, 0x0f, 0x26, 0x09, 0x61, 0x59, 0xef,
+	0x2b, 0x35, 0xaf, 0xd7, 0x59, 0x57, 0xe5, 0xd7, 0xcc, 0x69, 0x7c, 0xcd, 0x42, 0x58, 0xd6, 0x6b,
+	0xe9, 0x4d, 0x3a, 0xfd, 0xdd, 0x86, 0x65, 0xca, 0xf3, 0xe8, 0x15, 0x0f, 0x92, 0x5c, 0x66, 0xc5,
+	0x50, 0x6d, 0x1f, 0x75, 0xff, 0x5b, 0x71, 0x68, 0xb2, 0xed, 0x50, 0x2d, 0xbc, 0x4e, 0xa7, 0x7b,
+	0x0f, 0xa0, 0x37, 0x3d, 0x9d, 0x97, 0x4d, 0x9b, 0x26, 0xde, 0x03, 0x58, 0x08, 0x45, 0x91, 0x0d,
+	0xab, 0xf6, 0x6d, 0x6c, 0x44, 0xcd, 0x4c, 0xab, 0x69, 0x69, 0xd6, 0x18, 0x8d, 0xd6, 0x9c, 0xd1,
+	0x78, 0x3c, 0xd5, 0x4a, 0x7e, 0x1b, 0x2f, 0xbc, 0x53, 0x5f, 0xb8, 0xa0, 0xa6, 0x17, 0xad, 0xc9,
+	0x2f, 0x16, 0xdc, 0x68, 0x52, 0x78, 0xad, 0xc1, 0xad, 0x2a, 0x62, 0xcf, 0xac, 0x88, 0x33, 0xab,
+	0x22, 0x6e, 0x5d, 0x91, 0xfa, 0xc3, 0xdc, 0x6a, 0x7c, 0x98, 0xc9, 0x31, 0xdc, 0xb9, 0x54, 0xa6,
+	0x2d, 0x31, 0x4e, 0x55, 0x3f, 0xfc, 0x8f, 0x72, 0xa9, 0x95, 0x96, 0x65, 0xa6, 0x50, 0x5d, 0xaa,
+	0x05, 0xf2, 0x19, 0xdc, 0x0e, 0xb9, 0x6c, 0x14, 0xa9, 0xec, 0xb6, 0x35, 0x70, 0x76, 0xf9, 0xe9,
+	0x15, 0xcf, 0x57, 0x2a, 0xf2, 0x25, 0xf8, 0xfb, 0xe9, 0x88, 0x49, 0x7e, 0xad, 0xdb, 0x9b, 0xd0,
+	0xd9, 0x13, 0xa9, 0x88, 0xc5, 0xcb, 0xc9, 0x9c, 0xa9, 0xf7, 0x61, 0x41, 0xef, 0x6f, 0xbd, 0x46,
+	0xba, 0xb4, 0x14, 0xc9, 0x2d, 0xd5, 0xd0, 0x43, 0x16, 0x0f, 0x8b, 0x58, 0xd1, 0x50, 0x3f, 0x6d,
+	0xf9, 0xe6, 0xd2, 0x9f, 0xe7, 0xab, 0xd6, 0x5f, 0xe7, 0xab, 0xd6, 0xdf, 0xe7, 0xab, 0xd6, 0x6f,
+	0xff, 0xac, 0xbe, 0x75, 0xd8, 0xc6, 0x9f, 0xfa, 0x47, 0xff, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0x31,
+	0x07, 0xf3, 0xac, 0xe5, 0x0b, 0x00, 0x00,
 }
--- a/internal/private.proto
+++ b/internal/private.proto
@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ package internal;

 message IndexMeta {
 	bool Keys = 3;
+	bool TrackExistence = 4;
 }

 message FieldOptions {
--- a/internal/test/querygenerator.go
+++ b/internal/test/querygenerator.go
@ -1,3 +1,17 @@
+// Copyright 2017 Pilosa Corp.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
 package test

 import (
@ -95,11 +109,17 @@ func Difference(args ...*pql.Call) *pql.Call {
 	kvargs, children := magic(args)
 	return &pql.Call{Name: "Difference", Args: kvargs, Children: children}
 }
+
 func Xor(args ...*pql.Call) *pql.Call {
 	kvargs, children := magic(args)
 	return &pql.Call{Name: "Xor", Args: kvargs, Children: children}
 }

+func Not(args ...*pql.Call) *pql.Call {
+	kvargs, children := magic(args)
+	return &pql.Call{Name: "Not", Args: kvargs, Children: children}
+}
+
 func Between(_ string, min, max int) *pql.Call {
 	return &pql.Call{
 		Name: "Range",
--- a/internal/test/querygenerator_test.go
+++ b/internal/test/querygenerator_test.go
@ -1,3 +1,17 @@
+// Copyright 2017 Pilosa Corp.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
 package test

 import (
@ -208,6 +222,24 @@ func TestPQL_Generator(t *testing.T) {
 					},
 				},
 			},
+			{
+				pql:  `Not(Row(aaa=10))`,
+				calc: PQL(Not(Row("aaa", 10))),
+				exp: &pql.Query{
+					Calls: []*pql.Call{
+						{
+							Name: "Not",
+							Args: map[string]interface{}{},
+							Children: []*pql.Call{
+								{
+									Name: "Row",
+									Args: map[string]interface{}{"frame": "aaa", "row": 10},
+								},
+							},
+						},
+					},
+				},
+			},
 		} {

 			if !Compare(u.calc, u.exp) {
--- a/pilosa.go
+++ b/pilosa.go
@ -49,6 +49,8 @@ var (
 	ErrName  = errors.New("invalid index or field name, must match [a-z0-9_-]")
 	ErrLabel = errors.New("invalid row or column label, must match [A-Za-z0-9_-]")

+	ErrReservedName = errors.New("reserved index or field name")
+
 	// ErrFragmentNotFound is returned when a fragment does not exist.
 	ErrFragmentNotFound = errors.New("fragment not found")
 	ErrQueryRequired    = errors.New("query required")
@ -125,6 +127,9 @@ const TimeFormat = "2006-01-02T15:04"

 // validateName ensures that the name is a valid format.
 func validateName(name string) error {
+	if name == existenceFieldName {
+		return ErrReservedName
+	}
 	if !nameRegexp.Match([]byte(name)) {
 		return ErrName
 	}
--- a/pilosa_internal_test.go
+++ b/pilosa_internal_test.go
@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ func TestValidateNameInvalid(t *testing.T) {
 	names := []string{
 		"", "'", "^", "/", "\\", "A", "*", "a:b", "valid?no", "yüce", "1", "_", "-",
 		"aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa1",
+		"exists",
 	}
 	for _, name := range names {
 		if validateName(name) == nil {
--- a/pql/pqlpeg_test.go
+++ b/pql/pqlpeg_test.go
@ -595,6 +595,23 @@ func TestPQLDeepEquality(t *testing.T) {
 					{Name: "Row"},
 				},
 			}},
+		{
+			name: "OptionsWrapper",
+			call: "Options(Row(f1=123), excludeRowAttrs=true)",
+			exp: &Call{
+				Name: "Options",
+				Args: map[string]interface{}{
+					"excludeRowAttrs": true,
+				},
+				Children: []*Call{
+					{
+						Name: "Row",
+						Args: map[string]interface{}{
+							"f1": int64(123),
+						},
+					},
+				},
+			}},
 	}

 	for i, test := range tests {
--- a/test/holder.go
+++ b/test/holder.go
@ -91,6 +91,20 @@ func (h *Holder) Row(index, field string, rowID uint64) *pilosa.Row {
 	return row
 }

+// ReadRow returns a Row for a given field. If the field does not exist,
+// it panics rather than creating the field.
+func (h *Holder) ReadRow(index, field string, rowID uint64) *pilosa.Row {
+	f := h.Holder.Field(index, field)
+	if f == nil {
+		panic(pilosa.ErrFieldNotFound)
+	}
+	row, err := f.Row(rowID)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return row
+}
+
 func (h *Holder) RowAttrStore(index, field string) pilosa.AttrStore {
 	idx := h.MustCreateIndexIfNotExists(index, pilosa.IndexOptions{})
 	f, err := idx.CreateFieldIfNotExists(field, pilosa.OptFieldTypeDefault())
--- a/test/pilosa.go
+++ b/test/pilosa.go
@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
-	"io"
 	"io/ioutil"
 	gohttp "net/http"
 	"os"
@ -40,10 +39,6 @@ type Command struct {
 	*server.Command

 	commandOptions []server.CommandOption
-
-	stdin  bytes.Buffer
-	stdout bytes.Buffer
-	stderr bytes.Buffer
 }

 func OptAllowedOrigins(origins []string) server.CommandOption {
@ -65,17 +60,15 @@ func newCommand(opts ...server.CommandOption) *Command {
 	// beginning of the option slice so that it can be overridden by user-passed
 	// options.
 	opts = append([]server.CommandOption{server.OptCommandCloseTimeout(time.Millisecond * 2)}, opts...)
-	m := &Command{Command: server.NewCommand(os.Stdin, os.Stdout, os.Stderr, opts...), commandOptions: opts}
+	m := &Command{commandOptions: opts}
+	m.Command = server.NewCommand(bytes.NewReader(nil), ioutil.Discard, ioutil.Discard, opts...)
 	m.Config.DataDir = path
 	m.Config.Bind = "http://localhost:0"
 	m.Config.Cluster.Disabled = true
-	m.Command.Stdin = &m.stdin
-	m.Command.Stdout = &m.stdout
-	m.Command.Stderr = &m.stderr

 	if testing.Verbose() {
-		m.Command.Stdout = io.MultiWriter(os.Stdout, m.Command.Stdout)
-		m.Command.Stderr = io.MultiWriter(os.Stderr, m.Command.Stderr)
+		m.Command.Stdout = os.Stdout
+		m.Command.Stderr = os.Stderr
 	}

 	return m
@ -120,7 +113,7 @@ func (m *Command) Reopen() error {

 	// Create new main with the same config.
 	config := m.Command.Config
-	m.Command = server.NewCommand(os.Stdin, os.Stdout, os.Stderr, m.commandOptions...)
+	m.Command = server.NewCommand(bytes.NewReader(nil), ioutil.Discard, ioutil.Discard, m.commandOptions...)
 	m.Command.Config = config

 	// Run new program.