{
    "Euler's Formula and e^(πi) = -1": [
        {
            "question": "How does Euler's formula connect algebra to geometry?",
            "options": {
                "A": "By representing numbers as lines on a graph.",
                "B": "By linking exponentials with the coordinates of points on a circle.",
                "C": "By using addition to trace out straight lines.",
                "D": "By subtracting imaginary numbers from real numbers."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is the imaginary unit 'i' defined as on the complex plane?",
            "options": {
                "A": "i = 0",
                "B": "i = 1",
                "C": "i = the square root of -1",
                "D": "i = the square root of 1"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which equation correctly expresses Euler's formula?",
            "options": {
                "A": "e^(ix) = cos(x) + i·sin(x)",
                "B": "e^(ix) = x + i",
                "C": "e^(ix) = sin(x) + i·cos(x)",
                "D": "e^(ix) = x^2 + i^2"
            },
            "answer": "A"
        },
        {
            "question": "What happens to the point represented by e^(ix) as x goes from 0 to π on the complex plane?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It moves from (0,0) to (1,0) along a straight line.",
                "B": "It makes a full circle around the origin.",
                "C": "It traces halfway around the unit circle, ending at (-1,0).",
                "D": "It moves up the vertical axis to (0,1)."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Why is the equation e^(πi) = -1 considered significant?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It shows that exponentials never become negative.",
                "B": "It demonstrates a connection between the numbers e, π, i, and -1.",
                "C": "It proves that imaginary numbers are real.",
                "D": "It is only true when x = 0."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Limits, L'Hôpital's rule, and epsilon-delta definitions": [
        {
            "question": "Why are limits a foundational concept in calculus, as illustrated by the cartoon cat approaching but never touching the finish line?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Because limits tell us where a function stops.",
                "B": "Because limits describe how a function behaves as input values approach a certain number, even if the function never actually reaches that value.",
                "C": "Because limits always ensure the function is defined at a specific point.",
                "D": "Because they only apply to straight lines on a graph."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "On a graph, if arrows are drawn approaching y = 5 from both the left and right as x approaches 2, what does this visually represent?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The function is discontinuous at x = 2.",
                "B": "The function has a two-sided limit of 5 as x approaches 2.",
                "C": "The y-value never reaches 5 for any x near 2.",
                "D": "There is no limit as x approaches 2."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the epsilon-delta definition of a limit, what does the shaded horizontal band around the limit value (epsilon) represent?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The allowable error in the x-values.",
                "B": "The vertical distance from the x-axis.",
                "C": "How close y-values must stay to the limit value.",
                "D": "The entire range of the function."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "What happens when you try to directly substitute x = 0 into the expression lim(x→0) (x/x)?",
            "options": {
                "A": "You get a defined value instantly.",
                "B": "You get an indeterminate form like 0/0, signaling the need for other techniques.",
                "C": "You always get infinity.",
                "D": "The limit does not exist in any case."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "How does L'Hôpital's Rule help solve a limit that initially gives an indeterminate form like 0/0?",
            "options": {
                "A": "By factoring out terms to cancel the zeros.",
                "B": "By taking derivatives of the numerator and denominator, then reevaluating the limit.",
                "C": "By plugging in large values for x.",
                "D": "By graphing both functions and finding intersections."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Proof of Snell's law": [
        {
            "question": "When a straw appears 'bent' in a glass of water, what physical phenomenon is being observed?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Diffraction of light at the surface",
                "B": "Total internal reflection inside the glass",
                "C": "Refraction of light between air and water",
                "D": "Absorption of light by water molecules"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "In a labeled diagram of light passing from air to water, which line represents the 'normal'?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A line parallel to the water surface",
                "B": "A line perpendicular to the boundary at the point of incidence",
                "C": "The path of the incident ray",
                "D": "The refracted ray inside the water"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What happens to the speed of light as it passes from air into water according to the standard refraction diagram?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It increases",
                "B": "It remains unchanged",
                "C": "It decreases",
                "D": "It first decreases then increases"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which principle explains the wavefront approach to Snell's Law, demonstrating how different parts of a wavefront change direction at a boundary?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Newton's first law",
                "B": "Huygens' Principle",
                "C": "The Doppler Effect",
                "D": "The Law of Conservation of Energy"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which mathematical relationship correctly expresses Snell's Law for light moving from medium 1 to medium 2?",
            "options": {
                "A": "n1/n2 = sin(θ2)/sin(θ1)",
                "B": "n1·sin(θ1) = n2·sin(θ2)",
                "C": "n1 + n2 = θ1 + θ2",
                "D": "n1·cos(θ1) = n2·cos(θ2)"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Space-filling curves and the relationship between infinite and finite mathematics": [
        {
            "question": "Which example best illustrates the difference between one-dimensional and two-dimensional movement as introduced in the topic?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A car driving along a straight highway versus a train changing tracks.",
                "B": "A cat walking on a straight path versus roaming freely across a field.",
                "C": "A plane flying in the sky versus a bird on a wire.",
                "D": "A ball rolling versus bouncing."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "How is the difference between countable and uncountable sets visually represented in the presentation?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A sheep in a pen versus a cat in a hat.",
                "B": "A parade of dots along a line for countable sets and a completely shaded area for uncountable sets.",
                "C": "A ladder versus an escalator.",
                "D": "One apple versus two oranges."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is a space-filling curve as described in this topic?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A straight line that runs through the center of a square.",
                "B": "A zig-zag path that never touches every point in an area.",
                "C": "A continuous one-dimensional curve that passes through every point of a square or area.",
                "D": "A set of parallel lines filling a grid row by row."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "What key mathematical implication do space-filling curves demonstrate?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A finite line can fill an infinite space in reality.",
                "B": "There is no difference between dimensions.",
                "C": "An infinite one-dimensional line can, in theory, cover a two-dimensional area through a process that is only complete in the limit.",
                "D": "A finite curve can never approximate a two-dimensional area."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which is a real-life analogy for the application of space-filling curves?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A dog barking at every tree in a forest randomly.",
                "B": "A robot vacuum following a path that visits every patch of the floor efficiently.",
                "C": "A cat running in circles in a room.",
                "D": "A person jumping from point to point at random."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "The inscribed square or rectangle problem in topology": [
        {
            "question": "What is the central challenge posed by the Inscribed Square (or Square Peg) Problem?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Whether every straight line in the plane contains an inscribed square",
                "B": "Whether every simple closed curve in the plane contains four points forming a square",
                "C": "Whether every square can be inscribed inside a triangle",
                "D": "Whether only circular shapes can contain inscribed rectangles"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which of the following is a correct definition of a simple closed curve?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A curve that intersects itself at least once",
                "B": "A curved segment with sharp corners",
                "C": "A non-intersecting loop that starts and ends at the same point",
                "D": "A straight line segment connecting two points"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Who first formally proposed the Inscribed Square Problem, and in what year?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Stromquist in 1981",
                "B": "Toeplitz in 1911",
                "C": "Euler in 1707",
                "D": "Gauss in 1820"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which of the following types of curve is known to always contain at least one inscribed square?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Straight line",
                "B": "Irregular polygon",
                "C": "Perfect circle",
                "D": "Open curve"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "What technique can be used to visually search for an inscribed square within a complicated closed curve?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Overlaying rectangles at random angles",
                "B": "Sliding a square template along the curve and checking when all four corners touch the curve",
                "C": "Folding the curve in half",
                "D": "Stretching the curve until it forms a straight line"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Planar graph duality and Euler's Characteristic Formula": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following graphs is guaranteed to be planar?",
            "options": {
                "A": "K3,3 (utility graph)",
                "B": "A triangle (3 vertices, 3 edges)",
                "C": "K5 (complete graph on 5 vertices)",
                "D": "A graph with 6 vertices all mutually connected"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "In a planar drawing of a square with one diagonal, what is the correct count of vertices (V), edges (E), and faces (F)?",
            "options": {
                "A": "V=4, E=6, F=3",
                "B": "V=4, E=5, F=2",
                "C": "V=5, E=4, F=3",
                "D": "V=4, E=6, F=2"
            },
            "answer": "A"
        },
        {
            "question": "Euler's Characteristic Formula for connected planar graphs is expressed as:",
            "options": {
                "A": "V + E + F = 2",
                "B": "V - E - F = 2",
                "C": "V - E + F = 2",
                "D": "V + E - F = 2"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "What operation is performed in constructing the dual of a planar graph?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Replacing each edge with a face",
                "B": "Placing vertices inside each face and connecting them across edges",
                "C": "Removing all faces and counting only vertices and edges",
                "D": "Coloring adjacent faces with different colors"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "When comparing a planar graph and its dual, which statement is TRUE?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The numbers of vertices and faces are swapped; edges remain the same",
                "B": "Vertices and edges are swapped; faces remain the same",
                "C": "Only the number of edges changes in the dual",
                "D": "Euler's formula does not apply for the dual graph"
            },
            "answer": "A"
        }
    ],
    "The Borsuk-Ulam theorem and stolen necklace problem": [
        {
            "question": "Why is topology considered helpful for solving discrete math puzzles, as introduced in the video?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Because it replaces all arithmetic with geometry.",
                "B": "Because it allows abstract spatial ideas to provide solutions to fairness problems in combinatorics.",
                "C": "Because it proves every puzzle has a unique solution.",
                "D": "Because it shows that all geometric shapes are equivalent."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What does it mean to map points on a sphere in the context of topological ideas?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Assigning every point on the sphere a unique integer value.",
                "B": "Connecting each point on a sphere to a corresponding point in another space via a continuous function.",
                "C": "Measuring the distance between opposite points only.",
                "D": "Flattening the sphere into a two-dimensional triangle."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What does the Borsuk-Ulam theorem state?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Every point on a sphere has only one unique mapping to another sphere.",
                "B": "For any continuous map from a sphere to a plane, there's a pair of opposite points on the sphere with identical images.",
                "C": "Any two points on a sphere are mapped to different points in a plane.",
                "D": "The surface area of a sphere and a plane are always equal."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "How does the Borsuk-Ulam theorem help solve the stolen necklace problem?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It shows how to cut the necklace into as many pieces as there are jewels.",
                "B": "It guarantees that, with the right cuts, both recipients can get exactly the same number of each jewel type.",
                "C": "It requires the necklace to be split randomly.",
                "D": "It states that only an even number of jewels can be divided fairly."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "When visualizing the topological solution to the necklace problem, what does the use of spheres and antipodal points represent?",
            "options": {
                "A": "They represent possible ways to color the jewels.",
                "B": "They model symmetric divisions ensuring fairness in how the necklace is cut and distributed.",
                "C": "They predict the material of the necklace.",
                "D": "They determine which jewels are the most valuable."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Space-filling curves": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following BEST describes the distinction between a line and a plane in terms of dimension?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A line is two-dimensional, while a plane is one-dimensional.",
                "B": "A line is one-dimensional, while a plane is two-dimensional.",
                "C": "Both a line and a plane are considered one-dimensional.",
                "D": "A plane consists only of curves, while a line does not."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What makes a curve a 'space-filling curve'?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It forms a smooth loop within a 2D region.",
                "B": "It visits only the edges of a square but never its interior.",
                "C": "It passes through every point within a 2D region, such as a square.",
                "D": "It repeats the same path multiple times over a small area."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the construction of the Hilbert curve, what is the purpose of recursive steps?",
            "options": {
                "A": "They create random segments at each stage.",
                "B": "They add more colors to the curve.",
                "C": "They divide and repeat the pattern to fill the square more densely at each stage.",
                "D": "They remove overlapping parts to create a smoother path."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which statement correctly describes a mathematical property of space-filling curves?",
            "options": {
                "A": "They are injective, so they never cross the same point twice.",
                "B": "They are neither continuous nor surjective.",
                "C": "They are continuous and surjective, covering every point in the region.",
                "D": "They only fill the boundaries of a 2D region."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "How can space-filling curves be practically applied in computer science?",
            "options": {
                "A": "For organizing books on physical shelves.",
                "B": "For memory mapping and efficient image processing.",
                "C": "For mixing colors on a digital screen randomly.",
                "D": "Only for drawing abstract art."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Fractal dimension": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best describes a fractal?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A simple geometric shape with smooth edges.",
                "B": "A shape that remains exactly the same size at all scales.",
                "C": "A complex, self-similar shape that repeats its pattern at different scales.",
                "D": "A figure that can only be found in mathematics and never in nature."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "How do fractal dimensions differ from the dimensions of ordinary geometric objects like lines or cubes?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Fractal dimensions are always whole numbers, just like ordinary shapes.",
                "B": "Fractal dimensions only apply to three-dimensional objects.",
                "C": "Fractal dimensions fall between whole numbers, reflecting complexity beyond simple shapes.",
                "D": "Fractal dimensions are only imaginary and cannot be measured."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is the box-counting method used for when studying fractals?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Drawing fractals by hand on a graph.",
                "B": "Measuring the exact length of a straight line.",
                "C": "Estimating the fractal dimension by overlaying grids and counting filled boxes at different scales.",
                "D": "Calculating the volume of cubes in three-dimensional space."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which of the following is a real-world use of fractal dimensions?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Calculating the area of a circle.",
                "B": "Estimating the complexity of animal habitats and natural patterns.",
                "C": "Designing only perfect geometric shapes for engineering.",
                "D": "Finding the shortest distance between two points on a straight line."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is a key takeaway about fractal dimension discussed in the summary?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Fractal dimension is not useful outside of pure mathematics.",
                "B": "Fractal dimension only applies to artificial objects.",
                "C": "Fractal dimension measures how a shape fills space between familiar dimensions and is valuable in science and art.",
                "D": "All natural shapes are smooth and lack fractal characteristics."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "Linear transformations and matrices": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best describes a transformation, as introduced in the warm-up?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A process that always keeps objects in the same place and size.",
                "B": "A rule that takes an input, like a point or vector, and produces a new output, potentially moving or reshaping objects.",
                "C": "A way to only rotate objects but never scale them.",
                "D": "A tool to convert numbers into words."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "How can the vector (2, 3) be visualized in a 2D coordinate system?",
            "options": {
                "A": "As a point at the origin with no length.",
                "B": "As an arrow starting at (2, 3) going to (0, 0).",
                "C": "As an arrow from the origin (0, 0) to the point (2, 3).",
                "D": "As a horizontal line passing through the y-coordinate 3."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which property is always true for any linear transformation?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It always moves the origin to a new location.",
                "B": "It maps straight lines to curved paths.",
                "C": "The image of the sum of two vectors is the sum of their images.",
                "D": "It rotates all vectors by 180 degrees."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "If a matrix A = [[2, 0], [0, 1]] transforms a vector (3, 4), what is the result and why?",
            "options": {
                "A": "(3, 8) because both coordinates are doubled.",
                "B": "(6, 4) because only the x-coordinate is scaled by 2.",
                "C": "(2, 0) because only the x-coordinate is kept.",
                "D": "(0, 4) because the x-coordinate becomes zero."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which real-life scenario is a direct application of matrices and linear transformations?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Animating a game character to rotate and resize on the screen.",
                "B": "Creating random numbers for a lottery.",
                "C": "Sorting words alphabetically in a document.",
                "D": "Translating sentences between languages."
            },
            "answer": "A"
        }
    ],
    "Cross products and their relationship to geometric intuition and linear transformations": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best represents a vector in 3D space?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A single number showing length only.",
                "B": "An arrow defined by both magnitude and direction.",
                "C": "A location specified by (latitude, longitude).",
                "D": "A flat surface formed by two points."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Given two vectors 'a' and 'b' in 3D space, what is true about their cross product 'a × b'?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It is a vector parallel to both 'a' and 'b'.",
                "B": "It is a scalar quantity equal to the dot product.",
                "C": "It is a vector perpendicular to both 'a' and 'b', with magnitude equal to the area of the parallelogram they span.",
                "D": "It is always zero, unless the vectors are orthogonal."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "What does the magnitude of the cross product of two vectors represent geometrically?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The volume of the parallelepiped they span.",
                "B": "The sum of their magnitudes.",
                "C": "The area of the parallelogram formed by the vectors.",
                "D": "The minimum of their magnitudes."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which of the following is a property of the cross product?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It is commutative: a × b = b × a.",
                "B": "If two vectors are parallel, their cross product is zero.",
                "C": "It always produces a scalar value.",
                "D": "It is unchanged if you reverse the order of the vectors."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "How does the cross product relate to torque in physics?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Torque is the dot product of position and force vectors.",
                "B": "Torque is equal to the vector sum of force and position.",
                "C": "Torque is calculated as the cross product of the position vector and the force vector.",
                "D": "Torque is unrelated to any vector product."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "Geometric interpretation of non-square matrices as transformations between dimensions": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following correctly distinguishes a square matrix from a non-square matrix?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A square matrix has an equal number of rows and columns; a non-square matrix does not.",
                "B": "A square matrix always has more columns than rows.",
                "C": "A non-square matrix can only transform data in 2D.",
                "D": "All matrices are square if they have more than two rows."
            },
            "answer": "A"
        },
        {
            "question": "What geometric transformation does a square matrix perform when applied to a vector?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It always increases the vector's dimension.",
                "B": "It maps the vector within the same dimension, like rotation, scaling, or reflection.",
                "C": "It collapses the vector to a single point.",
                "D": "It only translates the vector without any change in direction."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What effect does a non-square matrix have on the dimension of input vectors?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It can increase or decrease the number of dimensions in the output.",
                "B": "It always preserves the original dimension.",
                "C": "It only stretches vectors without changing their dimension.",
                "D": "It swaps rows and columns instead of transforming vectors."
            },
            "answer": "A"
        },
        {
            "question": "In a matrix transformation, what does the number of rows in the matrix determine?",
            "options": {
                "A": "How many input vectors are needed.",
                "B": "The color of the output vectors.",
                "C": "The dimension of the output space.",
                "D": "The number of transformation steps required."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which scenario best exemplifies the use of a non-square matrix in real-world applications?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Rotating a 2D shape within the plane.",
                "B": "Compressing high-dimensional sensor data from a robot into fewer control signals.",
                "C": "Reflecting a vector across an axis in 2D.",
                "D": "Creating a duplicate of an existing vector."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Eigenvectors, eigenvalues, and eigenbasis": [
        {
            "question": "Under a matrix transformation in 2D space, what typically happens to the direction and length of vectors?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Both direction and length remain unchanged for all vectors.",
                "B": "All vectors are rotated to a common direction.",
                "C": "Most vectors change direction and length, except for special ones called eigenvectors.",
                "D": "Vectors only change length, but never direction."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which statement BEST describes an eigenvector under a linear transformation?",
            "options": {
                "A": "An eigenvector rotates to a new direction and grows in length.",
                "B": "An eigenvector flips direction and shrinks to zero.",
                "C": "An eigenvector keeps its original direction and is scaled by the eigenvalue.",
                "D": "An eigenvector’s length never changes but its direction does."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "When solving for the eigenvalues of a matrix A, which equation do you use?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A\\u03bb = v",
                "B": "det(A\\u2212\\u03bbI) = 0",
                "C": "A + \\u03bbI = 0",
                "D": "A\\u2212v = \\u03bbI"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is an eigenbasis?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Any basis in vector space regardless of transformation.",
                "B": "A set of eigenvectors that are all parallel to each other.",
                "C": "A set of eigenvectors that span the space, making matrix transformation simple scaling along each axis.",
                "D": "A set of vectors orthogonal to the eigenvectors of a transformation."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which of the following is a typical real-life application of eigenvectors and eigenvalues?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Balancing chemical equations",
                "B": "Sorting numbers in a list",
                "C": "Principal component analysis (PCA) in data science",
                "D": "Calculating probability distributions"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "Change of basis": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best describes a basis in a vector space?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A set of all possible vectors in the space.",
                "B": "A set of vectors that are linearly independent and span the space.",
                "C": "A set of vectors that are all orthogonal to each other.",
                "D": "A single vector that defines the direction of the space."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Why might we want to change the basis when solving problems in linear algebra?",
            "options": {
                "A": "To increase the number of dimensions of the space.",
                "B": "To simplify the problem, adapt to new perspectives, or optimize computations.",
                "C": "To eliminate any need for matrix multiplication.",
                "D": "To make vectors linearly dependent."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "If a vector has coordinates (2, 0) in a certain basis aligned with its direction, what might this mean about its coordinates in the standard (X-Y) basis?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The vector must be the zero vector in the standard basis.",
                "B": "The vector's coordinates could be something like (\\u221a2, \\u221a2) if the standard basis axes are at a 45-degree angle to the new basis.",
                "C": "The coordinates would also be (2, 0) in the standard basis.",
                "D": "Its coordinates are always (1, 1) in any basis."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What mathematical object is used to convert vector coordinates from one basis to another?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A scalar multiplication.",
                "B": "A change of basis matrix.",
                "C": "A dot product.",
                "D": "A determinant of a matrix."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Suppose a cat has position (3, 1) in the standard XY basis. Given a new basis b\\u2081 = (1, 1), b\\u2082 = (1, -1), how should you generally proceed to find its coordinates in the new basis?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Divide the coordinates by 2 and assign them to (b\\u2081, b\\u2082).",
                "B": "Express (3, 1) as a linear combination of b\\u2081 and b\\u2082 and solve for the coefficients.",
                "C": "Add the coordinates together to get the new position.",
                "D": "Swap the positions of the coordinates."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Basics of linear algebra and vectors": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following BEST describes the main focus of linear algebra?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Studying only numbers and their operations.",
                "B": "Exploring biological systems using chemistry.",
                "C": "Analyzing lines, planes, and spaces with algebraic techniques.",
                "D": "Memorizing historical math discoveries."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "What do the coordinates (2, 3) represent on a standard graph?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A direction only, without any position.",
                "B": "A point 2 units left and 3 units down from the origin.",
                "C": "A point 2 units right and 3 units up from the origin.",
                "D": "The total distance from origin only, not a specific location."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which statement is TRUE about vectors?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Vectors are only numbers without any direction.",
                "B": "A vector shows both magnitude and direction, like an arrow from one point to another.",
                "C": "Vectors can be represented only as points, not arrows.",
                "D": "All vectors must start at the origin."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "When graphically representing the vector (3, 4) starting from the origin, where does the arrow point?",
            "options": {
                "A": "To the left 3 units and up 4 units.",
                "B": "3 units right and 4 units up from the origin.",
                "C": "3 units down and 4 units right.",
                "D": "4 units left and 3 units down."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "If a robot moves 2 units right and then 5 units up, what is the total vector representing this combined motion?",
            "options": {
                "A": "(2, 5)",
                "B": "(5, 2)",
                "C": "(7, 7)",
                "D": "(-2, -5)"
            },
            "answer": "A"
        }
    ],
    "Dot products and duality": [
        {
            "question": "In the context of vectors and physical situations, what does the dot product represent when projecting one vector onto another (for example, the wind pushing a running cheetah forward)?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The perpendicular distance between the two vectors.",
                "B": "The area formed by the vectors.",
                "C": "The component of one vector in the direction of the other.",
                "D": "The sum of the magnitudes of both vectors."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best distinguishes a scalar from a vector?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A scalar has both magnitude and direction, a vector has only magnitude.",
                "B": "A scalar has only direction, not magnitude.",
                "C": "A scalar has magnitude only; a vector has both magnitude and direction.",
                "D": "A scalar must always be positive; a vector can be negative."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Given two vectors a and b with an angle θ between them, what does the dot product a · b = |a||b|cosθ calculate?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A new vector perpendicular to both a and b.",
                "B": "The area of the parallelogram they form.",
                "C": "A scalar representing the magnitude of one vector projected onto the other.",
                "D": "The length of the shorter vector."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "If vector a = (2, 3) and vector b = (-1, 5), what is their dot product?",
            "options": {
                "A": "13",
                "B": "17",
                "C": "-13",
                "D": "7"
            },
            "answer": "A"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of duality in the context of dot products?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Adding two vectors tip-to-tail to find their resultant.",
                "B": "Measuring the effect of a force along a particular axis using the dot product.",
                "C": "Scaling a vector by multiplying by a number.",
                "D": "Drawing a vector as an arrow on a plane."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Three-dimensional linear transformations": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best represents the coordinates of a point in three-dimensional space using the Cartesian system?",
            "options": {
                "A": "(x, y)",
                "B": "(x, y, z)",
                "C": "{x, y, z, w}",
                "D": "[x + y, z]"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "A transformation that stretches a flock of birds in a specific direction but preserves vector addition and scalar multiplication is an example of:",
            "options": {
                "A": "Nonlinear transformation",
                "B": "Linear transformation",
                "C": "Translation",
                "D": "Reflection"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which mathematical operation is used to apply a 3D linear transformation to a vector?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Addition",
                "B": "Matrix multiplication",
                "C": "Division",
                "D": "Transposition"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which of the following is NOT a common type of 3D linear transformation discussed in the syllabus?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Scaling",
                "B": "Shearing",
                "C": "Rotation",
                "D": "Reflection"
            },
            "answer": "D"
        },
        {
            "question": "In computer graphics, which transformation would best demonstrate a giraffe model growing taller?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Shearing",
                "B": "Rotation",
                "C": "Scaling",
                "D": "Translation"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "Geometric interpretation of linear systems, inverse matrices, column space, and null space": [
        {
            "question": "Which statement best describes vectors in terms of geometric spaces?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Vectors always represent fixed points in space.",
                "B": "Vectors only show directions, not positions.",
                "C": "Multiple vectors can define a plane or full 3D space.",
                "D": "A single vector determines the entire vector space."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the geometric interpretation of linear systems, what does the solution to a system of equations represent?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The point where parallel lines overlap.",
                "B": "The intersection point of lines or planes described by the equations.",
                "C": "All points along one of the lines.",
                "D": "A random position on the grid."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What does the column space of a matrix represent visually?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Only the individual column vectors.",
                "B": "All possible positions you can reach by scaling just one column.",
                "C": "The set of all points achievable by combining the column vectors in any proportions.",
                "D": "Only the origin in space."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "How can you best describe the null space of a matrix using the magician analogy?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The space where vectors become twice as large.",
                "B": "The set of vectors transformed to zero—as if made to disappear.",
                "C": "The space containing all visible vectors.",
                "D": "The set of vectors unchanged by the matrix."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What happens when you multiply a vector by an invertible matrix and then by its inverse?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The vector changes twice and ends up stretched.",
                "B": "The vector gets lost in the null space.",
                "C": "The original vector is restored.",
                "D": "The vector remains unchanged by both transformations."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "Abstract vector spaces": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best describes vector addition as introduced with 2D and 3D geometric vectors?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Multiplying two vectors component-wise",
                "B": "Connecting vectors tail-to-tip and drawing the diagonal",
                "C": "Flipping the direction of the vector",
                "D": "Rotating the vector 90 degrees"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which of the following is NOT a required property for a set to be a vector space over a field?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Associativity of addition",
                "B": "Existence of a multiplicative identity",
                "C": "Closure under scalar multiplication",
                "D": "Existence of the zero vector"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which one of the following collections CAN form a vector space, as discussed in the topic?",
            "options": {
                "A": "All triangles in a plane",
                "B": "All polynomials of degree less than 3",
                "C": "All even numbers under division",
                "D": "All prime numbers"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the graphical representation of vector spaces, what does a plane inside a cube usually represent?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A different vector space unrelated to the cube",
                "B": "A subspace of the larger vector space represented by the cube",
                "C": "The entire space itself",
                "D": "A random region with no mathematical meaning"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "How might pixels on a smartphone screen be used to illustrate the concept of a vector space?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Pixels are random and cannot be modeled mathematically",
                "B": "Each pixel's color value can be treated as a vector, and images can be summed or scaled like vectors",
                "C": "Pixels are only binary and thus do not fit vector space properties",
                "D": "Pixel arrangements can only display numbers, not vectors"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Superposition and quantum states in quantum mechanics": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best describes a quantum state?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A definite physical location of a particle.",
                "B": "An exact path that a particle follows in space.",
                "C": "An abstract vector in Hilbert space representing a system's properties.",
                "D": "A fixed energy that never changes."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "According to the superposition principle, what is unique about quantum systems compared to classical ones?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Quantum systems can be only in one state at a time.",
                "B": "Quantum systems can simultaneously exist in a combination of multiple states.",
                "C": "Quantum systems do not change over time.",
                "D": "Quantum systems must always be observed to exist."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the mathematical notation |\\u03c8\\u27e9 = a|0\\u27e9 + b|1\\u27e9, what does this expression represent?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A particle randomly switching between two separate states.",
                "B": "A quantum state as a superposition of basis states with specific coefficients.",
                "C": "Two states existing independently without interaction.",
                "D": "The measurement outcome guaranteed to be |0\\u27e9."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What happens to a quantum state's probability cloud when a measurement is made?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It becomes larger and more diffuse.",
                "B": "It splits into two separate clouds for each possible state.",
                "C": "It collapses to a single point corresponding to the observed outcome.",
                "D": "It remains unchanged regardless of measurement."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "How does superposition benefit qubits in quantum computing, compared to classical bits?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Qubits may only represent the state 0 at once.",
                "B": "Qubits can encode both 0 and 1 simultaneously, increasing computational power.",
                "C": "Qubits store information more securely than classical bits.",
                "D": "Qubits eliminate the need for any measurements."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Matrix multiplication as composition of linear transformations": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best describes the relationship between a matrix and a linear transformation?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A matrix is only used to solve systems of equations, not to represent transformations.",
                "B": "A matrix represents a linear transformation that acts on vectors, altering their direction or length.",
                "C": "A matrix is just a rectangular collection of numbers without any geometric meaning.",
                "D": "A matrix and a linear transformation are unrelated mathematical concepts."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is visually observed when a rotation matrix is applied to a 2D vector on a grid?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The vector's length decreases to zero.",
                "B": "The vector is flipped over the x-axis.",
                "C": "The vector is rotated by a certain angle but its length remains the same.",
                "D": "The vector splits into two vectors."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "What does composing two linear transformations mean?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Applying each transformation to separate vectors simultaneously.",
                "B": "Applying both transformations in any order with the same result.",
                "C": "Performing one transformation, then immediately performing another transformation to the result.",
                "D": "Adding the effects of both transformations together before applying them."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which statement correctly describes matrix multiplication in terms of linear transformations?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Matrix multiplication gives new matrices but does not correspond to combining transformations.",
                "B": "The product AB represents first applying matrix A, then matrix B to a vector.",
                "C": "Multiplying matrices AB is equivalent to applying transformation B, then A to a vector.",
                "D": "Matrix multiplication only applies when both matrices are the same size."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "If matrix B rotates a vector by 90° and matrix A scales it by 2, what is the effect of applying the product AB to a vector v?",
            "options": {
                "A": "v is first scaled by 2, then rotated by 90°.",
                "B": "v is only rotated by 90°, scaling has no effect.",
                "C": "v is first rotated by 90°, then scaled by 2, which is the same as applying AB at once.",
                "D": "v remains unchanged since rotations and scalings cancel each other out."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "Geometric intuition in linear algebra": [
        {
            "question": "Why is developing geometric intuition important in learning linear algebra?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It helps memorize rules and formulas more easily.",
                "B": "It allows us to see vectors and solutions as shapes and movements, aiding deeper understanding.",
                "C": "It replaces the need for any algebraic manipulation.",
                "D": "It only helps in advanced topics like quantum mechanics."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which statement BEST describes a vector in geometric terms?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A vector is just a point in space without direction.",
                "B": "A vector only represents a direction, not a magnitude.",
                "C": "A vector is an arrow with both magnitude and direction, representing movement in space.",
                "D": "A vector is the length of a line with no specific direction."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "What does forming a linear combination of vectors represent geometrically?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Multiplying two vectors makes a bigger arrow.",
                "B": "Combining arrows can create any point or direction within their span.",
                "C": "Linear combinations only move arrows in one direction.",
                "D": "It simply rotates the original vectors."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which action can a matrix transformation NOT perform on an object in the plane?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Scaling the object larger or smaller.",
                "B": "Changing the orientation of the object by rotation.",
                "C": "Turning a straight object into a circle.",
                "D": "Flipping the object over a line."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Visually, what does solving a system of linear equations correspond to?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Finding arrows that are exactly the same length.",
                "B": "Locating where lines or planes intersect, which represents the solution.",
                "C": "Rotating all vectors by the same angle.",
                "D": "Individual arrows flying away from each other."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "The determinant": [
        {
            "question": "What does the determinant of a square matrix primarily indicate?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The number of elements in the matrix",
                "B": "The amount by which the matrix scales areas or volumes during transformation",
                "C": "The sum of all elements in the first row",
                "D": "The trace of the matrix"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "When a matrix transformation turns a square into a parallelogram on a grid, what property has changed?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The type of matrix",
                "B": "The area covered by the shape",
                "C": "The number of rows in the matrix",
                "D": "The determinant becomes negative"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Given the matrix [[2, 3], [1, 4]], what is its determinant?",
            "options": {
                "A": "7",
                "B": "5",
                "C": "10",
                "D": "11"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What does it mean if the determinant of a 2x2 matrix is zero?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The transformation doubles the area",
                "B": "The matrix changes the square into a parallelogram",
                "C": "The transformed shape collapses to a line with no area",
                "D": "The shape flips over the x-axis"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which of the following is TRUE about determinants and their properties?",
            "options": {
                "A": "All matrices, whether square or rectangular, have determinants",
                "B": "Swapping two rows in a square matrix does not affect the determinant",
                "C": "If a square matrix has determinant zero, it does not have an inverse",
                "D": "If the determinant is positive, the matrix cannot solve a system of equations"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "Eigenvalues of 2x2 matrices": [
        {
            "question": "What is an eigenvalue of a matrix, in the context of linear transformations?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A number that represents how a matrix stretches or shrinks specific directions in space.",
                "B": "Any number you can multiply by a matrix.",
                "C": "A value that only works for square matrices larger than 2x2.",
                "D": "The same as the determinant of the matrix."
            },
            "answer": "A"
        },
        {
            "question": "For the 2x2 matrix [[a, b], [c, d]], what is the formula for its determinant?",
            "options": {
                "A": "a + d",
                "B": "ad - bc",
                "C": "ab + cd",
                "D": "a - b + c - d"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which equation must you solve to find the eigenvalues of a 2x2 matrix A?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A + \\u03bbI = 0",
                "B": "A - I = 0",
                "C": "det(A - \\u03bb I) = 0",
                "D": "tr(A) - \\u03bb = 0"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Given the 'Bunny Matrix' [[2, 0], [0, 3]], what are its eigenvalues?",
            "options": {
                "A": "0 and 1",
                "B": "2 and 3",
                "C": "2 and -3",
                "D": "5 and 6"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best describes a real-life application of eigenvalues?",
            "options": {
                "A": "They only help calculate addition of matrices.",
                "B": "They determine the stability and behavior of systems like robots or populations.",
                "C": "They are only needed to find the size of a matrix.",
                "D": "They are used only to draw pictures."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Span, linear combinations, linear dependence, and bases": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best describes a vector in a vector space?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A point fixed at the origin.",
                "B": "An arrow with both direction and length, living in a space with others.",
                "C": "A collection of numbers without any geometric interpretation.",
                "D": "A shaded region representing a set of possible points."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is a linear combination of two vectors v and w?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Any set containing both v and w.",
                "B": "Only their sum v + w, without scaling.",
                "C": "A vector formed by multiplying each by a scalar and then adding: av + bw.",
                "D": "A combination where the vectors are subtracted from each other."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "The 'span' of two non-parallel vectors in the xy-plane represents:",
            "options": {
                "A": "Only the line joining their tips.",
                "B": "All vectors along the diagonal direction.",
                "C": "All possible vectors in the xy-plane formed from linear combinations of the two.",
                "D": "Just the original vectors v and w."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which scenario demonstrates linear dependence among three vectors?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Each vector points in a unique, non-overlapping direction.",
                "B": "One vector can be expressed as a combination of the other two.",
                "C": "All three vectors point along mutually perpendicular axes.",
                "D": "The vectors each add a new dimension to the space."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is a basis for a vector space?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Any set of vectors within the space.",
                "B": "A set of dependent vectors that do not span the whole space.",
                "C": "The smallest set of independent vectors that can build every vector in the space through linear combinations.",
                "D": "A collection of random arrows that may cover only part of the space."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "History and definition of π": [
        {
            "question": "What fundamental geometric concept does pi (π) represent in relation to circles?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The ratio of a circle's radius to its diameter",
                "B": "The ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter",
                "C": "The area of a circle divided by its diameter",
                "D": "The number of diameters inside a circle"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "How did ancient civilizations like the Babylonians and Egyptians attempt to approximate the value of pi?",
            "options": {
                "A": "By counting the number of squares inside a circle",
                "B": "By wrapping a rope around a circular object and comparing it to its diameter",
                "C": "By multiplying the circumference by the radius",
                "D": "By measuring the area and dividing by the radius"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which mathematical technique did Archimedes use to improve the accuracy of pi's estimation?",
            "options": {
                "A": "By using trigonometric tables",
                "B": "By inscribing and circumscribing polygons around a circle",
                "C": "By using calculus to calculate limits",
                "D": "By measuring pi with digital tools"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is the universally accepted mathematical definition of pi (π)?",
            "options": {
                "A": "π = radius / circumference",
                "B": "π = circumference / diameter",
                "C": "π = diameter / area",
                "D": "π = radius × diameter"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which real-world event or fact is directly connected to the celebration of pi and its mathematical importance?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Pi Square Day is celebrated every January",
                "B": "Pi is celebrated on March 14th as Pi Day",
                "C": "Archimedes’ Birthday is known as Pi Day",
                "D": "Every circle is exactly three times its diameter in circumference"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Euler's formula and e^{pi i} = -1": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best describes the imaginary unit 'i' on the complex plane?",
            "options": {
                "A": "'i' is the point (1,0) on the real axis.",
                "B": "'i' is the square root of -1 and is represented at (0,1) on the imaginary axis.",
                "C": "'i' is any number with both real and imaginary parts.",
                "D": "'i' is the negative unit (-1,0) on the complex plane."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "On the complex plane, which of the following statements about the unit circle is correct?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Every point on the unit circle has a distance of 0 from the origin.",
                "B": "The coordinates of points on the unit circle are given by (cosθ, sinθ) for some angle θ.",
                "C": "The unit circle only includes the real and imaginary axes.",
                "D": "The unit circle is centered at (1,0) rather than the origin."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Euler's Formula, e^{iθ} = cosθ + i sinθ, connects exponential functions with trigonometry. Which part of the formula represents the imaginary component?",
            "options": {
                "A": "cosθ",
                "B": "sinθ",
                "C": "i sinθ",
                "D": "e^{iθ}"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Why does e^{πi} equal -1 on the complex plane?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Because cosπ = 0 and sinπ = 1.",
                "B": "Because e^{πi} = cosπ + i sinπ, which is -1 + 0i, located at (-1, 0) on the unit circle.",
                "C": "Because πi is not a real number and is undefined.",
                "D": "Because e^{πi} = cos0 + i sin0, so it is at (1, 0)."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What makes Euler's Identity e^{πi} + 1 = 0 famous in mathematics?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It is the only equation to use the number e.",
                "B": "It combines several key mathematical numbers (e, π, i, 1, 0) in one elegant relation.",
                "C": "It cannot be represented on the complex plane.",
                "D": "It proves the value of π is exactly 3.14."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Riemann zeta function": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best describes the Riemann zeta function (\\u03b6(s)) as introduced in the video?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A function that only sums all prime numbers.",
                "B": "A fundamental mathematical function connecting series, prime numbers, and complex numbers.",
                "C": "A function defined only for real numbers less than 1.",
                "D": "A graphical tool to count the number of zeros in a sequence."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What does the sequence of shrinking animals (like elephants and mice) visually represent when explaining an infinite series?",
            "options": {
                "A": "That each animal corresponds to an increasing term in the sum.",
                "B": "That each term in the series becomes larger as the sequence continues.",
                "C": "That the terms in an infinite series get progressively smaller, often leading the sum to approach a limit (converge).",
                "D": "That infinite series always sum to infinity, regardless of term size."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "How does the value of the zeta function \\u03b6(s) behave for real s > 1 according to the graph shown?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It oscillates wildly and never settles to a value.",
                "B": "It grows without bound as s increases.",
                "C": "It converges to specific values, with large denominators contributing less, for example \\u03b6(2) \\u2248 1.644.",
                "D": "It equals zero for all values of s > 1."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is the significance of the 'critical strip' (0 < Re(s) < 1) in the context of the Riemann zeta function?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It marks where all values of the zeta function are infinite.",
                "B": "It is the region where zeros of the zeta function are especially important, as highlighted visually by stars in the complex plane.",
                "C": "It is where the function is strictly positive.",
                "D": "It contains only real-numbered values of s."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "How does the Euler product formula visually connect the zeta function to prime numbers in the video?",
            "options": {
                "A": "By adding only the odd numbers together.",
                "B": "By representing primes with animated animal mascots joining a multiplication chain, illustrating the product over all primes.",
                "C": "By dividing all numbers by 2.",
                "D": "By only considering composite numbers in a parade."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Numerical algorithms for solving 2D equations, winding numbers, and domain coloring": [
        {
            "question": "Why is visualizing solutions to 2D equations important in mathematical analysis?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Because it always produces exact numerical values for solutions.",
                "B": "Because graphical interpretations help in understanding and analyzing complex relationships.",
                "C": "Because equations cannot be solved without pictures.",
                "D": "Because most modern computers require visual inputs."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best describes a complex number for use in 2D functions?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A real number only.",
                "B": "A number with three components: x, y, and z.",
                "C": "A point on the plane, written as z = x + iy.",
                "D": "A function that always returns another function."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the context of root-finding numerical algorithms, what is the main purpose of using iterative methods like Newton’s Method for 2D equations?",
            "options": {
                "A": "To approximate solutions by repeatedly improving guesses on the plane.",
                "B": "To directly draw the solution without any calculations.",
                "C": "To avoid using visual aids or graphics.",
                "D": "To randomly choose points and hope one is correct."
            },
            "answer": "A"
        },
        {
            "question": "What does the winding number represent in the visualization of 2D equations?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The number of roots inside the domain regardless of the path.",
                "B": "The number of times a path loops around a specific point.",
                "C": "The speed at which color changes in domain coloring.",
                "D": "The distance between two consecutive solutions."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "In domain coloring, how are zeros and poles of a complex function typically represented?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Zeros as white regions and poles as black regions.",
                "B": "Both zeros and poles as plain gray regions.",
                "C": "Zeros as black regions and poles as white regions.",
                "D": "Any feature as only a single fixed color."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "Uncertainty Principle in the Context of Fourier Transforms": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best illustrates the difference between a sine wave and a square pulse as discussed in the context of waves and signals?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Both are equally localized in time and frequency.",
                "B": "A sine wave is periodic and spread out, while a square pulse is localized in time.",
                "C": "A square pulse is periodic with indefinite frequency, and a sine wave is localized in time.",
                "D": "Both are highly localized in the frequency domain."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What does the Fourier Transform allow us to do with a signal?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Transform a function from one unit system to another.",
                "B": "Convert a signal between its time/space domain and frequency domain representations.",
                "C": "Compress a signal to reduce its spread in all domains.",
                "D": "Eliminate uncertainty in the measurement of signals."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "When discussing the spread or uncertainty of a function, what does a larger variance in the time domain usually mean about its Fourier transform?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The transformed function will also have a larger variance.",
                "B": "The spread in the frequency domain decreases as the spread in time increases.",
                "C": "The variance remains unchanged in both domains.",
                "D": "The spread in the frequency domain increases as the spread in time increases."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "According to the uncertainty principle shown with the cheetah and whale examples, what happens to the frequency spread as a signal becomes more localized in time?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It becomes more localized in frequency as well.",
                "B": "Its frequency spread narrows.",
                "C": "Its frequency spread remains unchanged.",
                "D": "Its frequency spread widens."
            },
            "answer": "D"
        },
        {
            "question": "Why is it impossible for a musical instrument to generate a pulse that is perfectly localized in both time and frequency, as shown in the applications section?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Instruments are limited by mechanical constraints, not physical laws.",
                "B": "Because to be highly localized in time, the signal must be spread out in frequency, and vice versa, due to the uncertainty principle.",
                "C": "Because sound cannot be both loud and quiet at the same time.",
                "D": "It is possible; limitations are only technological."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Infinite sums, convergence and divergence, 2-adic metric in mathematics": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best describes an infinite sum (series) in mathematics?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A sum where a finite number of terms are added together.",
                "B": "A process of multiplying numbers infinitely many times.",
                "C": "A sum with an unlimited number of terms, where each term is added endlessly.",
                "D": "A calculation that always results in infinity."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is the main difference between a convergent and a divergent infinite series?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A convergent series has all terms equal to zero; a divergent series does not.",
                "B": "A convergent series settles at a specific value, while a divergent series does not settle and can grow without bound.",
                "C": "A convergent series always involves only positive numbers.",
                "D": "There is no difference; all infinite series eventually diverge."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "When deciding if a series converges, what is the usual method for measuring the distance between numbers?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The ratio of the terms.",
                "B": "The absolute value metric.",
                "C": "Counting the number of terms.",
                "D": "Subtracting the largest and smallest terms only."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the 2-adic metric, what feature makes two numbers 'close' to each other?",
            "options": {
                "A": "They are both even numbers.",
                "B": "Their difference is highly divisible by 2.",
                "C": "They both are powers of two.",
                "D": "They have fewer digits when written in binary."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What surprising result can occur when summing 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + ... in the 2-adic metric?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The series diverges just as in the real number system.",
                "B": "The sum grows infinitely large.",
                "C": "The sum equals -1, a finite value, in the 2-adic world.",
                "D": "The sum cycles periodically between 0 and 1."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "Holomorphic dynamics and iterated complex functions": [
        {
            "question": "What happens when the function f(z) = z^2 is repeatedly applied to points on the complex plane?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Points always move in straight lines away from the origin.",
                "B": "Points form intricate patterns based on their starting positions, illustrating fractal and dynamic behaviors.",
                "C": "All points immediately return to their starting positions.",
                "D": "Points always converge to zero regardless of their initial value."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which feature of the Argand diagram helps in visualizing complex numbers and their transformations?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It plots real numbers on a timeline.",
                "B": "It uses colors to show temperature variation.",
                "C": "It represents complex numbers as points using horizontal (real) and vertical (imaginary) axes.",
                "D": "It only shows the modulus without direction."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which property distinguishes holomorphic functions in the context of complex dynamics?",
            "options": {
                "A": "They are only defined for real numbers.",
                "B": "They always map every point to zero.",
                "C": "They are complex-differentiable and locally preserve angles, leading to smooth geometric transformations.",
                "D": "They produce non-repeating random outputs."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "In iterated function systems, what is an 'orbit'?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The circular path a planet follows in space.",
                "B": "A single point fixed under a function.",
                "C": "The sequence of points obtained by repeatedly applying a function to a starting value.",
                "D": "A straight line moving away from the origin."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "How are the boundaries of the Mandelbrot set visually described?",
            "options": {
                "A": "They are always straight lines and simple shapes.",
                "B": "They are sharp edges without any interesting detail.",
                "C": "They display intricate, infinitely detailed patterns that separate stable and chaotic regions under iteration.",
                "D": "They are invisible and cannot be visualized."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "Basel problem and its geometric proof": [
        {
            "question": "What is the Basel Problem as originally posed?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Finding the sum of the reciprocal cubes of natural numbers.",
                "B": "Determining the sum of an infinite geometric series with ratio 1/2.",
                "C": "Finding the exact sum of the infinite series 1 + 1/4 + 1/9 + 1/16 + ...",
                "D": "Identifying the largest prime number under 1000."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Why does the infinite series S = 1 + 1/4 + 1/9 + 1/16 + ... converge to a finite value?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The terms get successively larger.",
                "B": "Each term adds a fixed amount to the sum.",
                "C": "The terms get smaller, and their sum approaches a finite limit due to convergence.",
                "D": "There are only a finite number of terms."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "How can each term 1/n^2 in the Basel Problem be represented geometrically?",
            "options": {
                "A": "As the length of a side of a square with side n.",
                "B": "As the circumference of a circle with radius 1/n.",
                "C": "As the area of a square with side length 1/n.",
                "D": "As the volume of a cube with edge n."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "In Euler’s geometric proof outline involving sin(x)/x, what is the main purpose of identifying the roots of the function?",
            "options": {
                "A": "To show where the function takes its minimum value.",
                "B": "To relate the separation of areas under the curve to the terms of the series.",
                "C": "To calculate the maximum of the infinite series.",
                "D": "To determine the number of terms in the series."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is the surprising exact value that Euler found for the Basel Problem sum?",
            "options": {
                "A": "π^2 / 4",
                "B": "π^2 / 6",
                "C": "2π",
                "D": "6"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Origin of π in the normal distribution and the Gaussian integral": [
        {
            "question": "In everyday scenarios like measuring students' heights, the data often forms a bell-shaped curve. What surprising mathematical constant appears in the formula describing this curve?",
            "options": {
                "A": "e",
                "B": "π",
                "C": "φ (the golden ratio)",
                "D": "γ (Euler–Mascheroni constant)"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the standard normal distribution formula, exp(-x²/2) / sqrt(2π), where does the constant π specifically appear?",
            "options": {
                "A": "In the exponent -x²/2",
                "B": "Under the square root in the denominator",
                "C": "As a multiplier to the entire function",
                "D": "Only in the numerator"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Why is the integral ∫ e^{-x²} dx important for understanding the normal distribution?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It gives the height of the bell curve at x = 0",
                "B": "It calculates the area under the entire bell curve, which is needed for probability",
                "C": "It determines the width of the bell curve",
                "D": "It measures the maximum value of the probability density function"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What mathematical trick is essential for evaluating the Gaussian integral ∫ e^{-x²} dx from -∞ to ∞ and revealing the appearance of π?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Expanding the function into a Taylor series",
                "B": "Switching to polar coordinates and using the symmetry of a circle",
                "C": "Partial fraction decomposition",
                "D": "Using numerical approximation methods"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "How does the Gaussian integral relate to the normalization constant in the normal distribution formula?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It provides the exact area under the curve, leading to the 1/sqrt(2π) factor",
                "B": "It determines the mean of the distribution",
                "C": "It has no relation; the constants are chosen arbitrarily",
                "D": "It only affects the shape, not the formula"
            },
            "answer": "A"
        }
    ],
    "Pure Fourier series": [
        {
            "question": "Why do we decompose complex periodic signals into simpler functions using Fourier series?",
            "options": {
                "A": "To make the signals sound louder",
                "B": "To represent any periodic signal as a combination of basic waves for easier analysis and synthesis",
                "C": "To convert signals into square waves only",
                "D": "To eliminate all frequencies except the lowest one"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which property of sine and cosine functions makes them suitable as building blocks in the Fourier series?",
            "options": {
                "A": "They always have positive values",
                "B": "They are linear and non-repetitive",
                "C": "They are periodic and can represent vibrations and oscillations",
                "D": "They remain constant when added together"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the formula for a pure Fourier series, what do the coefficients (like \\(a_n\\) and \\(b_n\\)) represent?",
            "options": {
                "A": "They show the amplitude of each corresponding sine and cosine harmonic in the series",
                "B": "They indicate the frequency of the original signal",
                "C": "They determine the period of the signal itself",
                "D": "They are always zero for non-square waves"
            },
            "answer": "A"
        },
        {
            "question": "What happens visually when more harmonics are added to the Fourier synthesis of a square wave?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The wave becomes smoother and less distinct",
                "B": "The wave quickly turns into a pure sine wave",
                "C": "The approximation becomes more blocky and closely matches a true square wave",
                "D": "The frequency of the wave decreases"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "How are Fourier series applied in analyzing real-world signals like animal sounds or machinery vibrations?",
            "options": {
                "A": "They remove all sound except background noise",
                "B": "They break complex signals into sine and cosine components for easier storage, modification, or analysis",
                "C": "They create random sounds from any input",
                "D": "They average all sounds to a constant tone"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Topology": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best describes topology?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The study of shapes based strictly on their size and angles.",
                "B": "The study of properties of spaces that are preserved under continuous transformations such as stretching or bending, but not tearing or gluing.",
                "C": "The study of numbers and their relationships.",
                "D": "The study of only two-dimensional geometric figures."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "In topology, what is a 'set' most fundamentally considered to be?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A specific measurement or number.",
                "B": "A collection of points, objects, or numbers with no structure initially attached.",
                "C": "A formula that proves geometric theorems.",
                "D": "A way to organize only numbers greater than zero."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which statement best describes an open set in topology?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A set containing all its boundary points.",
                "B": "A set where, for every point inside it, you can move slightly in any direction and still remain inside the set.",
                "C": "A set with exactly one element.",
                "D": "A set that is closed under multiplication."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What are the axioms that a collection of open sets must satisfy to form a topological space?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Contain only singleton sets and be finite.",
                "B": "Include all subsets; be closed under subtraction.",
                "C": "Include the empty set and the whole space; be closed under arbitrary unions and finite intersections.",
                "D": "Contain only disjoint sets with the same number of elements."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which of the following transformations would make two objects NOT topologically equivalent?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Stretching one object until it resembles another.",
                "B": "Bending one shape smoothly into a new form.",
                "C": "Gluing two parts of a shape together, which creates a new hole.",
                "D": "Compressing a shape without tearing it."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "Prime patterns, pi approximations, and Dirichlet's theorem": [
        {
            "question": "In a visual grid where prime numbers are highlighted, which of the following best describes the observed distribution of primes?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Primes form continuous diagonal lines across the grid.",
                "B": "Primes appear only in the corners of the grid.",
                "C": "Primes are sporadically distributed, creating distinct patterns like spirals.",
                "D": "Primes cluster only along the grid's edges."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is the defining characteristic of an arithmetic progression as introduced in the video?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Each term is the product of the previous two terms.",
                "B": "Each term increases by the same fixed amount from the previous one.",
                "C": "Each term is a random number greater than the last.",
                "D": "Each term is the square of its position in the sequence."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "When approximating the number of primes less than a given number, what role does pi play in the analytic function shown in the graphs?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Pi is used as the base of exponents for the approximation.",
                "B": "Pi determines the spacing between consecutive primes directly.",
                "C": "Pi is part of an analytic curve that closely matches the actual count of primes for large numbers.",
                "D": "Pi is irrelevant to any function approximating the prime count."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "According to Dirichlet's theorem, which statement about primes in arithmetic progressions is correct?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Only the progression with common difference 2 contains infinitely many primes.",
                "B": "Every arithmetic progression eventually stops containing primes.",
                "C": "Any arithmetic progression with the first term and common difference being coprime will have infinitely many primes.",
                "D": "Arithmetic progressions can never contain more than one prime."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "How do prime patterns, pi approximations, and Dirichlet's theorem connect in real-world applications, as highlighted in the final section?",
            "options": {
                "A": "They explain only biological growth patterns in animals.",
                "B": "They are unrelated concepts and apply to different scientific fields.",
                "C": "Together, they underpin modern cryptographic security systems and other smart technologies.",
                "D": "They determine the way machines count and sort random numbers."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "Alternate notation for powers, logarithms, and roots": [
        {
            "question": "Which statement best describes the relationship between exponents (powers) and roots, as introduced in the warm-up section?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Exponents and roots are unrelated, since one increases and the other decreases numbers.",
                "B": "Roots are a type of exponent used only for whole numbers.",
                "C": "Exponents and roots are inverse operations, where exponents stack multiplication and roots 'dig down' to find original numbers.",
                "D": "Exponents and roots both represent the same operation, just written differently."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which of the following correctly shows equivalent expressions using alternate notations for powers, roots, and logarithms?",
            "options": {
                "A": "4^3 = log_3(4) = 3^{1/4}",
                "B": "2^4 = 16; 16^{1/4} = 2; log_2(16) = 4",
                "C": "5^2 = 10; 10^{1/5} = 2; log_5(25) = 2",
                "D": "3^5 = 243; 243^{5} = 3; log_3(5) = 243"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which statement about fractional and negative exponents is correct?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A fractional exponent like 9^{1/2} means dividing 9 by 2.",
                "B": "A negative exponent always gives a negative number.",
                "C": "16^{1/2} means the square root of 16, and 10^{-2} means 1 divided by 10 squared.",
                "D": "Negative exponents are used only for whole numbers greater than 1."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "If log_4(x) = 3, what is the value of x?",
            "options": {
                "A": "7",
                "B": "64",
                "C": "12",
                "D": "81"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "A frog wants to reduce sound intensity by finding the cube root of 27, and a fox describes this as a logarithm. Which of the following statements is true?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The cube root of 27 is 9, and log_3(27) = 9.",
                "B": "The cube root of 27 is 3, which means 27^{1/3} = 3, and log_3(27) = 3.",
                "C": "The cube root of 27 is 1, and log_3(27) = 1.",
                "D": "The cube root of 27 is 27, and log_3(27) = 1."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Interconnections in number theory: π, primes, complex numbers, and prime regularities": [
        {
            "question": "Which statement best captures the main idea introduced in number theory's 'web' connecting π, primes, and complex numbers?",
            "options": {
                "A": "These three concepts are completely separate and studied independently.",
                "B": "π, prime numbers, and complex numbers are interconnected and reveal deeper number theory insights when studied together.",
                "C": "Only π and complex numbers are related; primes are not involved.",
                "D": "Prime numbers are more important than π or complex numbers in number theory."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which of the following correctly matches each mathematical object to its representation?",
            "options": {
                "A": "π: triangle area, Primes: multiples of two, Complex numbers: only real values",
                "B": "π: circle ratio, Primes: numbers with exactly two positive divisors, Complex numbers: sums of real and imaginary parts",
                "C": "π: a random value, Primes: any number larger than 1, Complex numbers: numbers greater than zero",
                "D": "π: perimeter of a rectangle, Primes: odd numbers, Complex numbers: sums of integers"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Euler’s formula shows a connection between prime numbers and π using the equation: Product over all primes of (1 - 1/p²)^(-1) = ?",
            "options": {
                "A": "π/4",
                "B": "2π",
                "C": "π²/6",
                "D": "e^π"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "How do complex numbers help mathematicians visualize patterns in the distribution of primes?",
            "options": {
                "A": "By plotting the locations of primes as points only on the real axis.",
                "B": "Through functions like the Riemann zeta function, whose zeros in the complex plane are connected to prime distribution.",
                "C": "Only by counting how many primes are less than a given number.",
                "D": "By arranging primes in a circle and measuring angles in radians."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What distinctive feature is often observed when primes are visualized on a number spiral like the Ulam spiral?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Primes appear only at the center of the spiral.",
                "B": "Primes are scattered with no apparent pattern.",
                "C": "Primes form streaks and diagonal lines, revealing emergent patterns.",
                "D": "All primes are clustered in one quadrant of the spiral."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "Newton's method and Newton's fractal in root-finding": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best describes the main goal of root-finding as introduced in the context of Newton's Method?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Finding where the derivative of a function is zero.",
                "B": "Identifying where a function crosses the x-axis, i.e., where f(x) = 0.",
                "C": "Calculating the maximum value of a function.",
                "D": "Determining the area under a curve."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Why is understanding the tangent line important before learning Newton's Method for root-finding?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Because it helps calculate the area under the curve.",
                "B": "Because the tangent line’s slope (derivative) is used to estimate where the function crosses the x-axis.",
                "C": "Because it always intersects every root exactly.",
                "D": "Because it determines the maximum and minimum points of the curve."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "During Newton's Method, how is the next approximation to the root found after starting at an initial guess x₀?",
            "options": {
                "A": "By moving vertically from x₀ by a fixed step size.",
                "B": "By finding where the tangent at x₀ meets the y-axis.",
                "C": "By sliding along the tangent at x₀ until it hits the x-axis, which gives the next approximation.",
                "D": "By choosing a random point near x₀."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "What does each colored region in a Newton’s fractal typically represent when visualizing the method’s behavior?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A different possible value of the function’s derivative.",
                "B": "How quickly the method converges for any function.",
                "C": "A set of initial guesses leading to the same root of the function.",
                "D": "The function’s maximum and minimum points."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which statement best captures the concept of chaos or unpredictable outcomes in Newton's Method as shown at the boundaries of the fractal image?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The method always quickly finds the correct root regardless of the initial guess.",
                "B": "At the boundaries between regions, small changes in starting point can lead to very different results, making the outcome unpredictable.",
                "C": "The method never converges to any root.",
                "D": "Newton's Method can only be used for quadratic equations."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Euler's formula e^{iπ}": [
        {
            "question": "Which point on the complex plane correctly represents the complex number 1 + i?",
            "options": {
                "A": "One unit right, one unit up from the origin",
                "B": "One unit left, one unit down from the origin",
                "C": "One unit right, one unit down from the origin",
                "D": "One unit left, one unit up from the origin"
            },
            "answer": "A"
        },
        {
            "question": "When you plot e^{ix} for varying x on the complex plane, the result is:",
            "options": {
                "A": "A straight line along the real axis",
                "B": "A straight line along the imaginary axis",
                "C": "A circle centered at the origin",
                "D": "A parabola curving upwards"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Euler's formula, e^{ix} = cos(x) + i sin(x), visually connects the terms cos(x) and sin(x) with which axes on the unit circle diagram?",
            "options": {
                "A": "cos(x) is along the y-axis; sin(x) is along the x-axis",
                "B": "cos(x) is along the x-axis; sin(x) is along the y-axis",
                "C": "Both cos(x) and sin(x) are along the x-axis",
                "D": "Both cos(x) and sin(x) are along the y-axis"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What surprising value do you get when you calculate e^{iπ}?",
            "options": {
                "A": "0",
                "B": "1",
                "C": "-1",
                "D": "i"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which famous equation combines e, i, π, 1, and 0 in a single identity known for its mathematical beauty?",
            "options": {
                "A": "e + i + π = 1",
                "B": "e^{iπ} + 1 = 0",
                "C": "e^{i1} + π = 0",
                "D": "i^{eπ} + 1 = 0"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Fourier Transform": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best describes the difference between the time-domain and frequency-domain representations of a sound signal?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Time-domain shows how the signal's amplitude changes over time, while frequency-domain shows what frequencies are present in the signal.",
                "B": "Time-domain shows a list of musical notes, while frequency-domain represents sound volume only.",
                "C": "Time-domain is used only for animal sounds, not human speech, while frequency-domain is for electronics.",
                "D": "Time-domain and frequency-domain are two names for the exact same representation of a signal."
            },
            "answer": "A"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is the main motivation for using the Fourier Transform in analyzing signals?",
            "options": {
                "A": "To visualize signals in only three dimensions.",
                "B": "To combine multiple signals into one.",
                "C": "To break down complex signals into their frequency components for deeper understanding or applications like audio compression.",
                "D": "To record sounds at a higher volume."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "If a simple oscillating signal is shown as a wavy line in the time domain, what does its frequency-domain representation typically look like?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A smooth wave that matches the original time-domain shape.",
                "B": "A set of vertical lines or peaks indicating which frequencies are present.",
                "C": "A flat horizontal line with no information.",
                "D": "A random scatter of dots with no clear pattern."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the graphical presentation of the Fourier Transform equation, what does combining sine and cosine waves under the integral help to demonstrate?",
            "options": {
                "A": "That signals can be reconstructed only from random shapes.",
                "B": "How each simple wave (sine or cosine) contributes specific frequency components to build the original signal.",
                "C": "That the time-domain and frequency-domain are unrelated.",
                "D": "That all signals are purely high-frequency waves."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which of the following is a real-world application of the Fourier Transform?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Enhancing computer battery life.",
                "B": "Reducing noise in audio recordings and helping smart devices identify specific sounds in noisy environments.",
                "C": "Printing color images only.",
                "D": "Measuring the weight of an object."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Fourier series and their connection to the heat equation and circular representations": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following is a key property of periodic functions, as demonstrated by a bouncing ball tracing a sine wave?",
            "options": {
                "A": "They repeat their values at regular intervals.",
                "B": "They increase indefinitely with time.",
                "C": "Their graphs are always straight lines.",
                "D": "They always form closed polygons."
            },
            "answer": "A"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is the essential idea of a Fourier series as shown by building a square wave from colored sine waves?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A function can only be represented by cosine waves.",
                "B": "Any periodic function can be written as a sum of sines and cosines of different frequencies.",
                "C": "A Fourier series always converges to a triangle wave.",
                "D": "Only even functions have Fourier series."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the geometric interpretation using epicycles and circles, what does the tip of the last epicycle represent?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The sum of all the radii of the circles.",
                "B": "The point tracing out the actual curve or shape as the circles rotate.",
                "C": "The center of the largest circle.",
                "D": "A stationary point unrelated to the Fourier series."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "How does the Fourier series help solve the heat equation on a rod with fixed ends?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It transforms the equation into a polynomial.",
                "B": "It decomposes the initial temperature into wave components that evolve over time.",
                "C": "It directly gives the answer without further calculations.",
                "D": "It is only used to visualize the solution, not compute it."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which of the following is a real-world application of Fourier series, illustrating their connection to both periodicity and circular motion?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Analyzing musical sounds on a smartphone.",
                "B": "Predicting planetary orbits with Newtonian physics.",
                "C": "Calculating probabilities in card games.",
                "D": "Balancing chemical equations."
            },
            "answer": "A"
        }
    ],
    "Central Limit Theorem": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best illustrates the difference between a uniform, skewed, and normal distribution, as introduced in the context of the Central Limit Theorem?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Different species of animals having the exact same heights.",
                "B": "Cats, dogs, and rabbits each showing their own unique patterns in height, such as most dogs being tall, most cats being average, and rabbits having equal heights.",
                "C": "All animals in a study being distributed evenly across all possible heights.",
                "D": "A group of animals all having a bell-shaped curve of heights."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "When building a sampling distribution by repeatedly selecting random groups of cartoon cats and calculating their average size, what does the resulting histogram of sample means show as more samples are taken?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It remains jagged and irregular regardless of the number of samples.",
                "B": "It mirrors the exact shape of the original cat size distribution.",
                "C": "It starts to look more like a smooth, bell-shaped curve centered around the population mean.",
                "D": "It shows random, unpredictable spikes with every new sample."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "According to the Central Limit Theorem, what happens to the distribution of sample means as sample size increases, even if the original population is heavily skewed?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The sample means remain skewed, just like the original population.",
                "B": "The distribution of sample means becomes uniform instead of normal.",
                "C": "The distribution of sample means becomes increasingly normal in shape.",
                "D": "The sample means spread out and become less predictable."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which of the following is NOT a key condition required for the Central Limit Theorem to apply?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Samples must be independent of each other.",
                "B": "Sample size should be sufficiently large, typically n ≥ 30.",
                "C": "Only populations with infinite variance are allowed.",
                "D": "The variance of the population must be finite."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which of these is a real-life example that demonstrates the practical application of the Central Limit Theorem?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A chef tastes several spoonfuls from a large soup pot to estimate the average saltiness.",
                "B": "A person flips a single coin one time and records the result.",
                "C": "Counting the exact number of beans in a single jar.",
                "D": "Watching all students in a classroom walk in at the same time."
            },
            "answer": "A"
        }
    ],
    "Bayes' theorem and the geometry of changing probabilistic beliefs": [
        {
            "question": "If you suspect a hidden animal could be a cat or a dog with equal likelihood, and then you hear a 'meow', which best describes how your belief should change?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Your belief that it is a cat should increase.",
                "B": "Your belief that it is a dog should increase.",
                "C": "Your beliefs should not change, since the sound can come from either animal.",
                "D": "Your belief that it is a cat should decrease."
            },
            "answer": "A"
        },
        {
            "question": "In a Venn diagram with two overlapping circles labeled 'Cat' and 'Meow', what does the area where the two circles overlap represent?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The probability that an animal is a cat given it meows.",
                "B": "The probability that an animal is either a cat or it meows.",
                "C": "The probability that an animal is both a cat and it meows.",
                "D": "The probability that an animal is neither a cat nor it meows."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which statement best describes the role of evidence E in Bayes' theorem, P(H|E) = [P(E|H) × P(H)] / P(E)?",
            "options": {
                "A": "E is the prior probability of the hypothesis.",
                "B": "E represents the overall probability of the evidence, ensuring the updated probabilities add up.",
                "C": "E is only used in the numerator to weigh the hypothesis.",
                "D": "E is irrelevant to updating beliefs and can be ignored."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the geometric representation of Bayes' theorem, what does the ratio of the area where 'cat' and 'meow' overlap to the total 'meow' area represent?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The probability that an animal is a cat, regardless of sound.",
                "B": "The probability that an animal meows, given it's a cat.",
                "C": "The probability that it is a cat given that it meows.",
                "D": "The probability that an animal is not a cat given it meows."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "A robot believes there's a 5% chance of a fault (prior). If there is a fault, the warning flashes 80% of the time (likelihood). Flashes occur 10% overall (evidence). What is the updated probability there is a fault given a flash?",
            "options": {
                "A": "0.04 or 4%",
                "B": "0.40 or 40%",
                "C": "0.80 or 80%",
                "D": "0.50 or 50%"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Information theory and entropy in solving Wordle": [
        {
            "question": "What is the main goal in a standard game of Wordle?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Guess as many five-letter words as possible in one minute.",
                "B": "Guess the secret five-letter word in as few attempts as possible using feedback.",
                "C": "Make random guesses until the correct word appears.",
                "D": "Memorize the entire dictionary."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "If there are 6 possible Wordle solutions, each equally likely, what is the probability of guessing any specific one on your first try?",
            "options": {
                "A": "1/12",
                "B": "1/3",
                "C": "1/6",
                "D": "1/2"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which of the following situations demonstrates the highest entropy in a set of possible Wordle solutions?",
            "options": {
                "A": "One word is much more likely than the others.",
                "B": "All possible words have the exact same probability.",
                "C": "Only two words are left, one likely and one unlikely.",
                "D": "The secret word is already known."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Why is reducing entropy important when making guesses in Wordle?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It ensures each guess is random.",
                "B": "It helps eliminate the least likely words first.",
                "C": "It narrows the set of possible answers, increasing the chances of finding the correct word.",
                "D": "It maximizes the total number of guesses allowed."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Suppose possible remaining Wordle solutions are 'CRANE' (0.4), 'SLATE' (0.4), and 'PLANT' (0.2). Which formula will you use to calculate entropy for this set?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Entropy = (p1 + p2 + p3) / 3",
                "B": "Entropy = max(p1, p2, p3)",
                "C": "Entropy = -[0.4 * log2(0.4) + 0.4 * log2(0.4) + 0.2 * log2(0.2)]",
                "D": "Entropy = (0.4 × 0.2 × 0.4)"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "Binomial distributions": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best describes a binomial distribution?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It models the total outcomes in an experiment with multiple dependent events.",
                "B": "It describes the probability of k successes in n independent trials, each with the same chance of success.",
                "C": "It is used to approximate continuous data using normal curves.",
                "D": "It evaluates random variables with more than two possible outcomes for each trial."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the context of probability, what is a Bernoulli trial?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A trial with exactly three possible outcomes.",
                "B": "A single event with an unknown outcome probability.",
                "C": "A trial that can result in only success or failure.",
                "D": "A set of linked trials with varying chance of success."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "In a binomial model, changing which parameter will alter the width and center of the distribution graph?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Only the number of trials n",
                "B": "Only the probability of success p",
                "C": "Both the number of trials n and the probability of success p",
                "D": "Neither, the shape is always the same"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which formula gives the probability of observing exactly k successes in n independent binomial trials, each with probability p of success?",
            "options": {
                "A": "P(X=k) = n * p^k * (1-p)^{n}",
                "B": "P(X=k) = C(n, k) * p^k * (1-p)^{n-k}",
                "C": "P(X=k) = p^n + (1-p)^k",
                "D": "P(X=k) = k! / (n! * (n-k)!) * p^k * (1-p)^{k}"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What happens to the shape of the binomial distribution when the probability of success p is much less than 0.5 (e.g., p = 0.1) and n is large?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The distribution becomes symmetric and bell-shaped.",
                "B": "The distribution has a uniform shape.",
                "C": "The distribution skews to the right (more mass at low values of k).",
                "D": "The distribution becomes a single spike at k = n."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "256-bit hash security": [
        {
            "question": "What is a key property of a cryptographic hash function as explained in the analogy of juicing fruits?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It produces a random length output each time.",
                "B": "It always produces the same fixed-size output for the same input.",
                "C": "It can easily be reversed to get the original input.",
                "D": "It only works with images as input."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "How is the size of a 256-bit hash visually represented compared to a 128-bit hash in the syllabus examples?",
            "options": {
                "A": "256 bits are shown as a single large tadpole, while 128 bits are shown as a smaller tadpole.",
                "B": "256 bits are depicted as a short chain of 0s and 1s; 128 bits as a longer chain.",
                "C": "256 bits are portrayed as a line of 256 cartoon tadpoles, and 128 bits as a line of 128 tadpoles.",
                "D": "256 bits are represented by 256 dogs, and 128 bits by 128 cats."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Why does a 256-bit hash offer much greater security compared to a 64-bit hash?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Because 256-bit hashes are encrypted and 64-bit hashes are not.",
                "B": "Because there are exponentially more possible combinations to brute-force with 256 bits than with 64 bits.",
                "C": "Because 256-bit hashes run faster than 64-bit hashes.",
                "D": "Because 256-bit hashes can only be generated by advanced computers."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What does the lottery ticket analogy illustrate about cracking a 256-bit hash?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Winning is very common, so hash security is weak.",
                "B": "Cracking such a hash is as likely as pulling a specific ticket from a pool as big as a house.",
                "C": "Cracking a 256-bit hash is nearly impossible, akin to picking a winning ticket from a pool as big as the Sun.",
                "D": "Hash cracking depends mainly on luck, not probability."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which is a real-world application where 256-bit hashes help keep data secure as shown in the syllabus?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Writing text documents on paper.",
                "B": "Cryptocurrency wallets and online banking.",
                "C": "Making phone calls without internet.",
                "D": "Sending unencrypted emails."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Likelihood Ratios and Bayes Factors in Medical Testing": [
        {
            "question": "Why might sensitivity and specificity alone be insufficient for making decisions about medical tests in real-world situations?",
            "options": {
                "A": "They are statistical measures that always overestimate disease risk.",
                "B": "They do not incorporate how test results change an individual's actual disease risk.",
                "C": "They only apply to animal populations, not humans.",
                "D": "They are the same as likelihood ratios."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "If out of 10 cats, 3 have DetectoVirus, what are the odds that a randomly selected cat has DetectoVirus?",
            "options": {
                "A": "3/10",
                "B": "3/7",
                "C": "7/3",
                "D": "1/10"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What does a Likelihood Ratio (LR+) of 8 mean in the context of a DetectoVirus test?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A positive result is 8 times less likely in infected cats than healthy ones.",
                "B": "A positive result is equally likely regardless of infection status.",
                "C": "A positive result is 8 times more likely in cats with DetectoVirus than in healthy cats.",
                "D": "The probability of infection is 8% after a positive result."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is the relationship between Bayes Factor and Likelihood Ratio in standard medical testing scenarios?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Bayes Factor and LR always have opposite values.",
                "B": "Bayes Factor is equivalent to LR in standard medical test cases.",
                "C": "Bayes Factor only applies before tests are performed.",
                "D": "LR is for probability, Bayes Factor for odds."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "If a cat has pre-test odds of 1:4 for DetectoVirus and receives a test result with LR+ = 8, what are the post-test odds?",
            "options": {
                "A": "1:2",
                "B": "2:1",
                "C": "1:8",
                "D": "1:32"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Bayes' theorem and independence in probability": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best describes the probability of getting heads when flipping a fair coin?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It is always 100% likely, since a coin must land on a side.",
                "B": "It is a measure of how likely the event is to occur, which is 50%.",
                "C": "It depends on the color of the coin.",
                "D": "It is unpredictable and cannot be measured."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the scenario where a Cat rolls a die and a Dog flips a coin, which statement is correct about the events?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The outcome of the die roll affects the probability of the coin flip.",
                "B": "The outcome of the coin flip affects the probability of the die roll.",
                "C": "Both events are independent; neither outcome affects the other.",
                "D": "Both outcomes must be the same."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "When calculating the probability of drawing a red ball from a bag after already drawing a blue ball, which concept applies?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Permutation probability",
                "B": "Conditional probability",
                "C": "Probability of independence",
                "D": "Unconditional probability"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Bayes' theorem allows us to:",
            "options": {
                "A": "Calculate the probability of independent events directly.",
                "B": "Reverse conditional probabilities to update beliefs with new evidence.",
                "C": "Ignore prior information when analyzing probability.",
                "D": "Always use regular probability instead of conditional probability."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which statement accurately compares Bayes’ theorem and independence?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Bayes’ theorem is only used for independent events.",
                "B": "Conditional probability and regular probability are the same for independent events.",
                "C": "Bayes’ theorem does not require any prior information.",
                "D": "Conditional probability is always higher than regular probability."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Sum of normal distributions, Gaussian + Gaussian = Gaussian": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best describes a normal (Gaussian) distribution?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A distribution with a sharp left tail and a rectangular shape",
                "B": "A bell-shaped curve defined by its mean and variance",
                "C": "A distribution with all outcomes equally likely",
                "D": "A graph with two peaks and no symmetry"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "If X is the random variable representing Luna the Cat's nap time and Y is the random variable for Max the Dog's nap time, what would X + Y represent?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The average nap time of Luna and Max",
                "B": "The difference in nap times between Luna and Max",
                "C": "The combined nap time of Luna and Max",
                "D": "The probability that either Luna or Max is napping"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "If Luna's nap time is N(μ₁, σ₁²) and Max's is N(μ₂, σ₂²), both independent, what is the distribution of their combined nap time (X + Y)?",
            "options": {
                "A": "N(μ₁·μ₂, σ₁²·σ₂²)",
                "B": "N(μ₁ + μ₂, σ₁² + σ₂²)",
                "C": "N(μ₁ - μ₂, σ₁² - σ₂²)",
                "D": "N(μ₁, σ₂²)"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "When combining two normal distributions with different means and variances, what happens to the shape of the resulting normal curve?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The mean stays the same and the curve becomes narrower",
                "B": "The mean shifts and the curve becomes wider",
                "C": "The curve develops a flat top",
                "D": "The variance decreases and the mean doubles"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Suppose two sensors measure errors independently: ThermoBot-A has error N(0, 1) and ThermoBot-B has error N(0, 2). What is the combined error distribution?",
            "options": {
                "A": "N(0, 2)",
                "B": "N(0, 3)",
                "C": "N(0, 1)",
                "D": "N(0, 4)"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Adding Random Variables and Convolution in Probability": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best describes a random variable?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A variable that changes unpredictably with time.",
                "B": "A mapping from outcomes of an experiment to real numbers.",
                "C": "Any number that can be measured in an experiment.",
                "D": "A variable that only has discrete values."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "If X is the result of a 6-sided die roll and Y is the result of a 4-sided die roll, what are the possible values their sum Z = X + Y can take?",
            "options": {
                "A": "2 through 10, inclusive.",
                "B": "1 through 10, inclusive.",
                "C": "7 through 24, inclusive.",
                "D": "1 through 24, inclusive."
            },
            "answer": "A"
        },
        {
            "question": "When visualizing the possible outcomes for Z = X + Y using a lattice diagram, what does each cell in the grid represent?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A value only for X or Y, but not both.",
                "B": "The product of X and Y.",
                "C": "A possible pair (X, Y) and their sum Z.",
                "D": "The maximum value between X and Y."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "For discrete random variables X and Y, what is the formula to compute the probability that their sum Z equals a specific value z?",
            "options": {
                "A": "P(Z = z) = P(X = z) + P(Y = z)",
                "B": "P(Z = z) = P(X = z) \\u00d7 P(Y = z)",
                "C": "P(Z = z) = \\u2211 P(X = x) \\u00d7 P(Y = z - x), summed over all x",
                "D": "P(Z = z) = P(X < z) + P(Y < z)"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the worked example with a 6-sided and a 4-sided die, which outcome is MOST likely when adding the two dice?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Sum = 2",
                "B": "Sum = 7",
                "C": "Sum = 10",
                "D": "Sum = 12"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Probability density functions": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best distinguishes a probability mass function (PMF) from a probability density function (PDF)?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A PDF assigns probabilities to discrete outcomes, while a PMF does so for continuous outcomes.",
                "B": "A PMF is used for discrete random variables; a PDF is used for continuous random variables.",
                "C": "Both PMF and PDF always produce probabilities greater than 1.",
                "D": "The area under a PMF represents probability, while the height of a PDF represents probability."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "In a probability density function (PDF) for a continuous random variable, what does the area under the curve between two values represent?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The height of the curve at those values",
                "B": "The total possible outcomes of the random variable",
                "C": "The probability that the random variable falls within that interval",
                "D": "The standard deviation of the distribution"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which of the following MUST be true for any probability density function (PDF)?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The total area under the curve can be any positive value.",
                "B": "PDF values can be negative.",
                "C": "The area under the curve over all possible values must equal 1.",
                "D": "PDF values always equal 1."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "If the sleep duration of a panda is modeled by a PDF, how would you calculate the probability that a panda sleeps between 7 and 9 hours?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Count the number of pandas sleeping those hours and divide by 2.",
                "B": "Calculate the area under the PDF curve from 7 to 9 hours.",
                "C": "Measure the peak height of the PDF at 8 hours.",
                "D": "Sum the PDF values at 7 and 9 hours."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the context of the normal (Gaussian) distribution PDF, what does increasing the standard deviation do to the curve?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Moves the center (mean) to a higher value",
                "B": "Makes the bell-shaped curve narrower",
                "C": "Makes the curve wider, representing more spread in the data",
                "D": "Has no effect on the shape of the curve"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "Intuition for e^(πi) = -1 using group theory and Euler's formula": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following is the correct expression for Euler's formula connecting e^(ix) to trigonometric functions?",
            "options": {
                "A": "e^(ix) = sin(x) + i*cos(x)",
                "B": "e^(ix) = cos(x) + i*sin(x)",
                "C": "e^(ix) = cos(x) - i*sin(x)",
                "D": "e^(ix) = tan(x) + i"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "When rotations about the origin are viewed as group elements, what property do they exhibit when combining two rotations?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The combination of two rotations results in no change",
                "B": "Each rotation can only be combined with a rotation of the same angle",
                "C": "The combination of two rotations equals another rotation in the group",
                "D": "Rotations are not related to mathematical groups"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "What does multiplying a complex number by e^(ix) do to its position in the complex plane?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It doubles its distance from the origin",
                "B": "It moves it in a straight line along the real axis",
                "C": "It rotates it by x radians around the origin",
                "D": "It reflects it over the real axis"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is the geometric result of evaluating e^(πi) using Euler's formula?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A point at (1,0) on the complex plane",
                "B": "A half-turn to the point (0,1)",
                "C": "A rotation to the point (-1,0) on the unit circle",
                "D": "A rotation back to the starting position"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Why does e^(πi) = -1 represent an important symmetry in the group of rotations?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Because rotating by π radians is identical to rotating by 2π radians",
                "B": "Because a π rotation undoes itself and corresponds to multiplication by -1",
                "C": "Because all rotations by any angle are their own inverse",
                "D": "Because e^(πi) = 1 for every point on the circle"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Exponential growth and logistic growth": [
        {
            "question": "Which best describes a pattern of growth commonly observed in nature, such as bacteria multiplying in a petri dish?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Growth that stays constant over time.",
                "B": "Growth that rapidly accelerates after an initial slow start.",
                "C": "Growth that decreases as time goes on.",
                "D": "Growth that stops immediately after starting."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What does the slope of a straight line on a time vs. quantity graph represent?",
            "options": {
                "A": "That the rate of change is accelerating.",
                "B": "That the rate of change is zero.",
                "C": "That the growth is constant over time.",
                "D": "That the growth rate decreases over time."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which formula correctly represents exponential growth, where a population doubles at regular intervals?",
            "options": {
                "A": "N(t) = N0 + rt",
                "B": "N(t) = N0 / e^(rt)",
                "C": "N(t) = N0 × e^(rt)",
                "D": "N(t) = K / N0"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Why can exponential growth be problematic in real-world situations, such as the spread of a virus?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It is always sustainable.",
                "B": "It often leads to rapid resource exhaustion.",
                "C": "It ensures everyone gets infected at the same time.",
                "D": "It does not affect resource consumption."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "In logistic growth, what is the role of 'carrying capacity' (K)?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It determines the initial population size.",
                "B": "It ensures growth remains exponential indefinitely.",
                "C": "It sets the maximum population an environment can support.",
                "D": "It measures the rate at which the population decreases."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "SIR models and epidemic simulation": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best describes an 'epidemic' as shown in the video example?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A rare disease affecting only animals in remote forests.",
                "B": "A widespread increase in disease cases within a community, such as germs spreading through handshakes at school.",
                "C": "Any illness that is present in a population at all times.",
                "D": "A disease that only affects plants in a single season."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the SIR model, what is the main characteristic of the 'Susceptible' group?",
            "options": {
                "A": "They are actively recovering and immune.",
                "B": "They have the disease and can spread it.",
                "C": "They have not yet caught the disease but can get it.",
                "D": "They cannot be infected or infect others."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "What does the directional flow in the SIR flow diagram represent?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The direct transformation of all individuals at once.",
                "B": "The movement of people between Susceptible, Infectious, and Recovered categories over time.",
                "C": "Economic exchanges in the population.",
                "D": "The spread of ideas through a population."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which statement about the three SIR model equations is TRUE, as visualized with the animated graphs?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The number of Susceptible individuals usually increases as the outbreak progresses.",
                "B": "The number of Infectious individuals rises and then falls after peaking.",
                "C": "The Recovered group always decreases during an outbreak.",
                "D": "All groups change randomly without patterns."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "How does increasing the 'contact rate' in the outbreak simulation affect the spread of the epidemic?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It makes the infection spread more slowly.",
                "B": "It causes more individuals to recover instantly.",
                "C": "It accelerates the spread of the infection among the population.",
                "D": "It has no effect on how many get sick."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "DP-3T algorithm for contact tracing": [
        {
            "question": "Why is privacy a major concern in traditional COVID-19 contact tracing methods?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Because health authorities cannot accurately track contacts",
                "B": "Because centralized collection of personal data may expose sensitive information",
                "C": "Because it only works with specific smartphones",
                "D": "Because it relies solely on manual reporting"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which cryptographic concept is crucial for protecting user identities in the DP-3T algorithm?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Public key infrastructure",
                "B": "Ephemeral identifiers generated by hash functions",
                "C": "Unencrypted broadcast messages",
                "D": "Permanent device identifiers"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is a core principle of the DP-3T approach to privacy in contact tracing?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Centralizing all exposure data in a government database",
                "B": "Storing temporary identifiers locally on user devices",
                "C": "Broadcasting user identities over the network",
                "D": "Using users' raw location data for tracking"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "During the DP-3T process, what happens when a user tests positive for an infection?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Their personal identity is shared with all nearby smartphones",
                "B": "All their location history is uploaded to a central server",
                "C": "Their temporary exposure keys (TEKs), not their identity, are uploaded for matching",
                "D": "Their contacts are directly notified by phone call"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "How does the matching of exposure keys (TEKs) occur in the DP-3T system?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A central authority matches all data from all users",
                "B": "Each device locally compares received TEKs with uploaded positive keys using hash functions and time-stamping",
                "C": "Smartphones send all collected data to the cloud for processing",
                "D": "User identities are matched through phone number lists"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Attention mechanism in transformers and large language models": [
        {
            "question": "In the context of neural networks, what is the main role of the attention mechanism, as introduced with the real-world analogy?",
            "options": {
                "A": "To randomly shuffle the order of input tokens for variety",
                "B": "To focus selectively on the most relevant parts of the input information",
                "C": "To increase the number of output tokens regardless of input relevance",
                "D": "To compress input data into a single number before processing"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which challenge in traditional sequence-to-sequence models does the attention mechanism help to address?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Overfitting on training data due to excessive parameters",
                "B": "Struggling to capture long-range dependencies between distant input tokens",
                "C": "Forgetting the order in which tokens are processed",
                "D": "Ignoring the need for output tokens altogether"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is the primary function of attention in neural networks as depicted in weighted heatmaps or matrices?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Randomly assigning weights to all token pairs",
                "B": "Uniformly distributing attention across all words, regardless of context",
                "C": "Dynamically assigning higher weights to more relevant input tokens for each output",
                "D": "Ignoring relationships between word pairs during prediction"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the visual breakdown of attention math, what operation is performed between Query and Key vectors to calculate attention scores?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Element-wise addition",
                "B": "Dot-product (matrix multiplication)",
                "C": "Concatenation",
                "D": "Subtraction followed by division"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "How does the self-attention mechanism in Transformers improve processing compared to traditional sequence models?",
            "options": {
                "A": "By only considering one token at a time sequentially",
                "B": "By allowing each token to attend to all other tokens in parallel",
                "C": "By removing the need for any contextual information",
                "D": "By reducing all inputs to a single token before processing"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Neural networks: structure, neurons, layers, underlying mathematics": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best describes a neural network as introduced in the syllabus?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A series of algorithms designed to recognize patterns, inspired by the structure of the human brain.",
                "B": "A collection of statistical formulas for storing large datasets.",
                "C": "A hardware component for accelerating traditional computing.",
                "D": "A set of images processed for computer graphics rendering."
            },
            "answer": "A"
        },
        {
            "question": "What are the key components of a single artificial neuron as highlighted in the syllabus?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Input signals, weights, bias, and activation function.",
                "B": "Hidden layers and output nodes only.",
                "C": "Memory cells and processors.",
                "D": "Input images and final predictions."
            },
            "answer": "A"
        },
        {
            "question": "Within a neural network, how are layers organized and what role do hidden layers play?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Layers are arranged sequentially: input, one or more hidden layers, and an output layer; hidden layers extract and combine features from the input.",
                "B": "Layers are randomly connected and all perform the same function.",
                "C": "Each layer only passes data directly to the final output.",
                "D": "Hidden layers store output values for later use."
            },
            "answer": "A"
        },
        {
            "question": "During the forward pass of a neuron, which mathematical operation is performed according to the syllabus?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A weighted sum of inputs plus bias is passed through an activation function.",
                "B": "Inputs are divided evenly before being summed.",
                "C": "All inputs are multiplied and then subtracted from bias.",
                "D": "Only the largest input signal is sent to the output."
            },
            "answer": "A"
        },
        {
            "question": "When a neural network processes an image of an animal, as in the example from the syllabus, what is the PRIMARY result?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The network transforms raw image data through multiple layers to predict the animal's class, such as 'cat' or 'dog'.",
                "B": "The network directly stores the image for comparison later.",
                "C": "The input image is reconstructed without any prediction.",
                "D": "Each neuron independently labels an image part without cooperation."
            },
            "answer": "A"
        }
    ],
    "How multilayer perceptrons in transformers may store facts": [
        {
            "question": "Which two main components make up a transformer block in neural networks?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Convolutional layers and pooling layers",
                "B": "Attention layers and feedforward multilayer perceptrons (MLPs)",
                "C": "Recurrent layers and output layers",
                "D": "Input layers and activation functions"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is a key characteristic of a multilayer perceptron (MLP) in neural networks?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It contains only a single neuron without activation functions.",
                "B": "It consists of one or more hidden layers with non-linear activation functions.",
                "C": "It processes images using convolutional filters.",
                "D": "It never changes its weights during training."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "How do transformers utilize MLP layers after applying attention mechanisms?",
            "options": {
                "A": "MLPs ignore the outputs of attention and process inputs independently.",
                "B": "MLPs process the context-aware embeddings to modify, combine, or transform information.",
                "C": "MLPs generate input tokens for the attention mechanism.",
                "D": "MLPs are only used for outputting the final probabilities."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "How can MLPs in transformers act as associative memory for storing facts?",
            "options": {
                "A": "By saving input tokens in a fixed lookup table.",
                "B": "By directly copying outputs from the attention layer.",
                "C": "By learning to associate input patterns with specific outputs through their weights.",
                "D": "By memorizing sequences using recursion."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the mathematical representation of an MLP (output = f(Wx + b)), what mainly determines how facts are stored and recalled?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The size of the input vector only.",
                "B": "The order in which inputs are presented.",
                "C": "The tuning of weights (W) and biases (b) during training.",
                "D": "The type of activation function used exclusively."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "Neural network learning and intuitive backpropagation": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best describes the structure of a basic neural network as introduced in the video?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A single layer of nodes directly connecting inputs to outputs without any intermediate processing.",
                "B": "Multiple layers of interconnected nodes, with information passing from input through hidden layers to the output layer.",
                "C": "A sequence of unrelated processing steps performed by isolated nodes.",
                "D": "Input nodes directly linked to output nodes with no connections between them."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "During the forward pass in a neural network, what happens to an input image of a cat as described in the example?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It is ignored by the network unless it matches a memorized template.",
                "B": "Its features are transformed layer by layer, with information moving through weighted connections and activation functions, leading to an output prediction.",
                "C": "Each input pixel is individually compared to target outputs without any intermediate processing.",
                "D": "The input image directly triggers the output node with the highest value without any transformation."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is the primary role of the loss function in neural network learning?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It guarantees the network immediately predicts the correct answer.",
                "B": "It measures the difference between the network's predicted output and the actual target output, indicating how well the network is performing.",
                "C": "It helps to randomly initialize the network's weights.",
                "D": "It determines the layout of the network's layers."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "How does backpropagation help improve a neural network's predictions?",
            "options": {
                "A": "By randomly shuffling the weights after each prediction.",
                "B": "By propagating errors backwards through the network, adjusting weights to reduce future mistakes.",
                "C": "By deleting nodes that made incorrect predictions.",
                "D": "By increasing the number of hidden layers after every error."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the context of weight updates and gradient descent, what does the 'gradient' represent visually, as explained through the animated bunny example?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The number of neurons in the hidden layer.",
                "B": "The steepness of the loss surface, showing the direction and amount by which weights should be adjusted.",
                "C": "How many times the data has been passed through the network.",
                "D": "The distance between different layers in the network."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Discrete convolutions and their applications": [
        {
            "question": "Which best describes the basic operation of a discrete convolution?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Combining two sequences by multiplying corresponding elements only.",
                "B": "Adding up all elements of one sequence with those of another.",
                "C": "Sliding a smaller sequence (kernel) over an input sequence and summing multiplied overlaps to produce a new sequence.",
                "D": "Reversing the elements of a sequence before adding it to another."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the array [2, 1, 0, 3], what does the index '2' refer to?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The value of the input signal at the third position, which is 0.",
                "B": "A constant used in the convolution formula.",
                "C": "The total number of elements in the array.",
                "D": "The starting index of the kernel."
            },
            "answer": "A"
        },
        {
            "question": "Given input x = [1, 2, 4] and kernel h = [1, 0, -1], what calculation is needed to find y[1] in their convolution?",
            "options": {
                "A": "x[1]*h[1] + x[2]*h[2]",
                "B": "x[0]*h[1] + x[1]*h[0]",
                "C": "x[1]*h[0] + x[0]*h[2]",
                "D": "x[2]*h[2] + x[1]*h[1]"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What effect does choosing an edge-detection kernel have when convolving it with a cat image?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It smooths the image, making the cat blurry.",
                "B": "It preserves only the brightest parts of the image.",
                "C": "It highlights the edges, so only the cat's outline appears.",
                "D": "It multiplies all pixel values by zero."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which of the following is NOT a real-world application of discrete convolution?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Audio signal filtering on smartphones.",
                "B": "Detecting obstacles in robot navigation systems.",
                "C": "Sorting an array of numbers in ascending order.",
                "D": "Image feature extraction in neural networks."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "Cost functions and gradient descent in neural network training": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best describes why optimization is essential in training neural networks?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It decorates the network architecture without affecting predictions.",
                "B": "It allows the network to systematically adjust its parameters to improve prediction accuracy.",
                "C": "It removes the need for any feedback about mistakes.",
                "D": "It helps in directly labeling the data with less effort."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is the main purpose of a cost (or loss) function in neural network training?",
            "options": {
                "A": "To provide a measure of the network’s performance by indicating how far predictions are from actual values.",
                "B": "To determine the number of layers in the neural network.",
                "C": "To randomly classify input data.",
                "D": "To increase the amount of training data."
            },
            "answer": "A"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the context of neural network training, what does the gradient represent?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The flatness of the cost function curve.",
                "B": "The direction and rate of the steepest increase or decrease of the cost function.",
                "C": "The distance between data points.",
                "D": "The total number of parameters in the network."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "How does gradient descent help in neural network training?",
            "options": {
                "A": "By resetting network weights randomly after each step.",
                "B": "By moving the parameters in steps opposite to the gradient, reducing the cost function.",
                "C": "By increasing the cost function at every step.",
                "D": "By skipping the cost calculation for faster processing."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which of the following sequences best represents the typical training loop in a neural network?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Calculate cost → Predict → Update weights → Compute gradients",
                "B": "Predict → Calculate cost → Compute gradients → Update weights",
                "C": "Update weights → Predict → Compute gradients → Calculate cost",
                "D": "Compute gradients → Predict → Update weights → Calculate cost"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Large Language Models and Transformers in Deep Learning": [
        {
            "question": "What is the MAIN challenge that language models help computers overcome in understanding human language?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Understanding spoken words with perfect pronunciation",
                "B": "Interpreting and generating contextually accurate and meaningful text",
                "C": "Translating between two unrelated languages without any errors",
                "D": "Storing every single word in the dictionary"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Why do traditional neural network models like RNNs struggle with understanding long sentences?",
            "options": {
                "A": "They can only process images, not text",
                "B": "Information fades or becomes less clear as sentences get longer, making distant word relationships hard to capture",
                "C": "They are too expensive to train on any dataset",
                "D": "They ignore punctuation in sentences"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "How do transformers address the limitations of earlier sequential models for language tasks?",
            "options": {
                "A": "By translating each word to all languages simultaneously",
                "B": "By focusing on one word at a time without any contextual reference",
                "C": "By using attention mechanisms to focus on any word in a sentence regardless of its position and processing input in parallel",
                "D": "By storing sentences in alphabetical order"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the attention mechanism of transformers, what do the terms Query (Q), Key (K), and Value (V) represent?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Standard mathematical constants used in all neural networks",
                "B": "Random weights assigned to different words at initialization",
                "C": "Vectors representing the current word, the words being attended to, and the information passed along, respectively",
                "D": "Database table column names for storing sentences"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which of the following BEST describes the impact of large language models based on transformers?",
            "options": {
                "A": "They only work for speech recognition tasks",
                "B": "They can perform a range of tasks like answering questions, translating, and writing while also raising ethical concerns about bias and societal influence",
                "C": "They replace all human teachers in classrooms",
                "D": "They cannot be used on smartphones due to their size"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Backpropagation calculus": [
        {
            "question": "What is the main purpose of backpropagation in a neural network as illustrated by the animal classification example?",
            "options": {
                "A": "To automatically add more layers to the network",
                "B": "To adjust network weights to minimize prediction errors",
                "C": "To shuffle the input features before processing",
                "D": "To increase the number of output classes"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which mathematical concept is essential for computing derivatives in backpropagation, as demonstrated with the function composition tree?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Product Rule",
                "B": "Chain Rule",
                "C": "Quotient Rule",
                "D": "Power Rule"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "During the forward pass in a neural network, what happens to input features as they flow through the layers?",
            "options": {
                "A": "They are discarded after the first layer",
                "B": "They are multiplied only by output weights",
                "C": "Their values are transformed at each node based on weights and activations",
                "D": "They remain unchanged until the output layer"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the backward pass of backpropagation, how is the error signal typically propagated through the network?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Forward from input to output layer",
                "B": "Randomly across different nodes",
                "C": "Backward from output towards input using the chain rule",
                "D": "Only updated for the output nodes"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "When updating weights during the learning step, what is the role of the learning rate in the equation w_new = w_old - learning_rate * gradient?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It determines the number of network layers",
                "B": "It controls the speed of weight updates based on the computed gradient",
                "C": "It averages the weights across the network",
                "D": "It amplifies the loss across all nodes"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Diffusion models, CLIP, and the mathematics of text-to-image generation in AI": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best describes the core purpose of Generative AI in text-to-image synthesis?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Enabling computers to compress and store large image datasets efficiently.",
                "B": "Allowing computers to generate images based on textual descriptions provided as input.",
                "C": "Detecting objects in existing photographs.",
                "D": "Translating written text between different languages."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the context of neural networks, what is the primary function of the network's layers?",
            "options": {
                "A": "To randomly shuffle the data before processing.",
                "B": "To store images and text in a database.",
                "C": "To learn and transform input data through patterns and features in order to perform tasks like image or text generation.",
                "D": "To directly display output images to the user."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is the key idea behind diffusion models used in image generation?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A process of sharpening images by removing blur.",
                "B": "Gradually adding noise to an image (forward process), then learning how to reverse this by denoising (reverse process) to generate new images from noise.",
                "C": "Converting images into text descriptions.",
                "D": "Automatically coloring black-and-white photos."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What role does CLIP play in modern text-to-image generative systems?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Applying color filters to generated images.",
                "B": "Training neural networks to recognize objects in photos.",
                "C": "Aligning textual descriptions and images in a shared embedding space to measure similarity between them.",
                "D": "Compressing images for faster processing."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the mathematics of text-to-image generation, what is the main purpose of a loss function during model training?",
            "options": {
                "A": "To add stylistic effects to the generated images.",
                "B": "To minimize the difference between the generated image and the target image, guiding the model toward better results.",
                "C": "To randomly shuffle the denoising process.",
                "D": "To translate text prompts into different languages."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Mathematical principles of cryptocurrencies and Bitcoin": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best distinguishes cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin from traditional fiat money?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Cryptocurrencies are always backed by physical assets, while fiat money is not.",
                "B": "Bitcoin relies on mathematics and cryptography, whereas traditional fiat money depends on centralized institutions like banks.",
                "C": "Fiat money can be traded digitally, but cryptocurrencies exist only in paper form.",
                "D": "Cryptocurrencies are all identical in value, while fiat money varies in denominations."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is a defining property of hash functions that make them crucial for Bitcoin’s security?",
            "options": {
                "A": "They compress data to save storage space, but outputs are unpredictable.",
                "B": "They always produce fixed-size outputs regardless of the input data size.",
                "C": "They encrypt input data so only authorized users can retrieve it.",
                "D": "They can easily be reversed to discover the original input."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "In Bitcoin, what role does public-key cryptography play in transaction security?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It ensures miners always have access to block rewards.",
                "B": "It allows transactions to be validated without revealing private keys.",
                "C": "It is used only for encrypting wallet passwords.",
                "D": "It helps banks monitor user accounts for suspicious activity."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Why is the Proof of Work mechanism important in the mining process of Bitcoin?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It prevents blockchain from growing beyond a certain size.",
                "B": "It allows anyone to generate blocks without solving any puzzles.",
                "C": "It requires miners to solve complex puzzles, making block creation difficult and securing the network.",
                "D": "It automatically distributes coins to all participants equally."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "How does the mathematical structure of blockchain enhance the security of Bitcoin transactions?",
            "options": {
                "A": "By allowing every block to be edited independently without affecting others.",
                "B": "By linking each block to the previous one via a hash, making tampering with a block disrupt the entire chain.",
                "C": "By storing transaction data in isolated locations unrelated to other blocks.",
                "D": "By making blocks invisible to network participants."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Qubits, state vectors, and Grover's algorithm in quantum computing": [
        {
            "question": "Which statement best describes a qubit compared to a classical bit?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A qubit can only be in the state |0⟩ or |1⟩, like a classical bit.",
                "B": "A qubit exists only as a random mix of |0⟩ and |1⟩, not as either state.",
                "C": "A qubit can exist in a superposition of both |0⟩ and |1⟩ simultaneously.",
                "D": "A qubit is just a faster version of a classical bit without unique properties."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "How is the state of a qubit mathematically represented in quantum computing?",
            "options": {
                "A": "As a probability distribution over classical bits.",
                "B": "As a unit vector in two-dimensional complex space, often written as |ψ⟩ = α|0⟩ + β|1⟩.",
                "C": "As a single number between 0 and 1.",
                "D": "As a collection of multiple classical bits."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What happens when you measure a qubit that is in a superposition state?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The qubit remains in superposition indefinitely.",
                "B": "The qubit randomly switches between multiple states continuously.",
                "C": "The superposition collapses, and the qubit becomes either |0⟩ or |1⟩ with probabilities determined by its state vector.",
                "D": "The qubit always becomes the state with the higher probability amplitude."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is the primary advantage of Grover's algorithm for search problems?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It finds the solution instantly regardless of list size.",
                "B": "It searches by checking each item one after another, just faster than classical search.",
                "C": "It achieves a quadratic speedup over classical search, requiring far fewer steps to find the target.",
                "D": "It randomly guesses a solution with no improvement over classical search."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "During Grover's algorithm, what is the purpose of repeatedly applying quantum operations after initializing the system in superposition?",
            "options": {
                "A": "To keep all possible answers equally likely.",
                "B": "To amplify the probability of measuring the correct answer, increasing its likelihood over wrong answers.",
                "C": "To gradually eliminate all incorrect answers so only the correct one remains.",
                "D": "To make the qubit behave more like a classical bit for easier measurement."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Error correction codes and Hamming codes": [
        {
            "question": "Why are error correction codes used in data transmission?",
            "options": {
                "A": "To compress the data for faster transmission",
                "B": "To add extra information that can detect and fix errors caused by noise",
                "C": "To encrypt the message to make it secure",
                "D": "To make the message unreadable to unauthorized users"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "How does parity help in detecting errors in binary messages?",
            "options": {
                "A": "By counting the number of zeros in the message",
                "B": "By flipping every bit in the message",
                "C": "By checking if the number of ones is even or odd",
                "D": "By rearranging the order of bits"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is the main difference between error detecting codes and error correcting codes?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Error detecting codes can only find errors; error correcting codes can find and fix errors",
                "B": "Error detecting codes require more extra bits than correcting codes",
                "C": "Error correcting codes are only used in wireless communication",
                "D": "Error detecting codes can fix multiple errors at once"
            },
            "answer": "A"
        },
        {
            "question": "In constructing a 7-bit Hamming code, which positions are used for parity bits?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Positions 1, 2, and 4 only",
                "B": "Only the last three positions",
                "C": "Every alternate position starting from the second",
                "D": "All positions except the first one"
            },
            "answer": "A"
        },
        {
            "question": "How does Hamming code identify the position of a single-bit error for correction?",
            "options": {
                "A": "By adding up the values of all data bits",
                "B": "By highlighting all bits with logical OR gates",
                "C": "By using overlapping sets of parity checks to pinpoint the exact bit",
                "D": "By sending the message twice and comparing"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "Hamming error correction codes": [
        {
            "question": "Why is error correction necessary in digital communication systems?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Because it makes data transmission faster",
                "B": "Because noise during transmission can alter bits, so error correction ensures the correct message is received",
                "C": "Because digital systems never make mistakes without it",
                "D": "Because it reduces the need for hardware in communication systems"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is the main drawback of using parity bits for error detection?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Parity bits can fix any number of errors",
                "B": "Parity bits require significantly more data storage",
                "C": "Parity bits can detect errors but cannot identify or correct which bit is wrong",
                "D": "Parity bits only work with odd numbers"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best describes the capability of a Hamming code such as Hamming(7,4)?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It can correct any number of errors",
                "B": "It can detect and correct single-bit errors in transmitted data",
                "C": "It is only useful for two-bit errors",
                "D": "It simply signals when an error exists, but cannot correct it"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "In a Hamming(7,4) code, how are data and parity bits arranged?",
            "options": {
                "A": "All data bits come before parity bits",
                "B": "All parity bits come after data bits",
                "C": "Data and parity bits are intermixed, with parity bits at positions corresponding to powers of two",
                "D": "Data and parity bits are randomly placed"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "How do parity bits in Hamming codes determine which data bits to cover?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Each parity bit covers all the bit positions",
                "B": "Each parity bit covers only even positions",
                "C": "Each parity bit covers bit positions matching a 1 in its own binary position",
                "D": "Each parity bit covers positions based on the previous data bit"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "Large Language Models": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best distinguishes Large Language Models (LLMs) from traditional rule-based systems?",
            "options": {
                "A": "LLMs only use if-then rules for responding to users.",
                "B": "LLMs require hand-coded responses for every possible input.",
                "C": "LLMs learn from large amounts of data to generate language, while rule-based systems follow explicit programming.",
                "D": "Rule-based systems can generate original jokes, while LLMs cannot."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "What are the basic components of a neural network, the foundational technology behind LLMs?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Neurons, weights, inputs, and outputs",
                "B": "Rules, dictionaries, and templates",
                "C": "Scripts, pages, and tokens",
                "D": "Tables, registers, and functions"
            },
            "answer": "A"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the context of word embeddings, how does an LLM typically represent the relationship between similar words?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Similar words are stored in the same memory cell.",
                "B": "Similar words appear next to each other in the training text.",
                "C": "Similar words have similar multi-dimensional vector representations and are closer together in embedding space.",
                "D": "Similar words share the same color in the AI's interface."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is the key innovation that the 'Transformer' architecture contributed to LLMs?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It uses decision trees to predict the next word.",
                "B": "It applies rule-based logic to translate sentences.",
                "C": "It introduces the attention mechanism to identify important words in a sentence.",
                "D": "It relies only on single-layer perceptrons for text generation."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which of the following is an important limitation of current LLMs that users should be aware of?",
            "options": {
                "A": "LLMs always provide perfectly accurate information.",
                "B": "LLMs can sometimes generate incorrect or nonsensical outputs (hallucinations).",
                "C": "LLMs do not require any human intervention or oversight.",
                "D": "LLMs never make spelling or grammar mistakes."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Ternary counting, constrained Towers of Hanoi, and Sierpinski triangle graph traversal": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following statements best explains why different counting bases can reveal graphical patterns?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Because changing the base alters the value of numbers.",
                "B": "Because different bases correspond to different symbols and unrelated sequences.",
                "C": "Because representing numbers in different bases can produce repeating or fractal-like visual patterns.",
                "D": "Because numbers look more complicated in higher bases."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "How is the number 8 represented in the ternary (base-3) system?",
            "options": {
                "A": "22",
                "B": "21",
                "C": "12",
                "D": "11"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the constrained Towers of Hanoi variant, what is the main limitation compared to the classical version?",
            "options": {
                "A": "You can only use two pegs instead of three.",
                "B": "Moves are allowed only between adjacent pegs.",
                "C": "Discs can be the same size.",
                "D": "You can only move more than one disc at a time."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is the primary connection between the Sierpinski triangle graph and ternary counting?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Each level of the triangle corresponds to a power of 2.",
                "B": "Vertex labels in traversal reflect decimal values only.",
                "C": "Traversal paths can be mapped using ternary numbers, reflecting each step as a ternary digit change.",
                "D": "Sierpinski triangle edges are unrelated to counting systems."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "As a robot traverses the Sierpinski triangle, what does its movement illustrate about fractals and recursion?",
            "options": {
                "A": "That fractals are unrelated to number systems.",
                "B": "That each move is random and lacks a pattern.",
                "C": "That each position and move correspond to ternary values and Hanoi states, showing a recursive and symmetrical structure.",
                "D": "That all possible paths are the same regardless of counting base."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "High-dimensional spheres": [
        {
            "question": "Which statement best describes a key difference between 1D, 2D, and 3D spaces?",
            "options": {
                "A": "In 1D there are lines, 2D has cubes, and 3D has spheres.",
                "B": "1D contains only points, 2D contains only lines, and 3D contains only squares.",
                "C": "1D consists of points on a line, 2D consists of flat surfaces like squares, and 3D includes spaces filled by objects like cubes.",
                "D": "Dimensions above 1D do not exist in mathematics."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "How is a sphere mathematically defined in any dimension?",
            "options": {
                "A": "As the set of all lines radiating from a point.",
                "B": "As the set of all points at a fixed distance from a central point.",
                "C": "As all volumes contained within a certain area.",
                "D": "As only the surface of a shape in 3D."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which equation correctly represents the set of all points on a 4-dimensional sphere of radius r centered at the origin?",
            "options": {
                "A": "x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = r^2",
                "B": "x_1^2 + x_2^2 + x_3^2 + x_4^2 = r^2",
                "C": "x_1^2 + x_2^2 = r^2",
                "D": "x^2 + y^2 = r^2"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What surprising property do spheres exhibit as their dimensionality increases?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Their volume continues to increase without limit.",
                "B": "Their surface area always decreases.",
                "C": "The volume of a sphere first increases with dimension, then shrinks toward zero for higher dimensions.",
                "D": "Spheres cannot exist in more than three dimensions."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is a notable feature of high-dimensional spheres relevant to applications in data science and probability?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Most of the volume is concentrated at the center.",
                "B": "All points are distributed uniformly far from the surface.",
                "C": "Most of the volume is near the surface (boundary) of the sphere.",
                "D": "Spheres cannot be used to represent data in high dimensions."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "Grover's algorithm in quantum computing": [
        {
            "question": "Why is Grover's Algorithm important when searching an unsorted database compared to classical search methods?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It can sort the database before searching.",
                "B": "It finds the target with a dramatically lower number of steps, achieving a speed-up over classical algorithms.",
                "C": "It guarantees finding all possible solutions at once.",
                "D": "It requires less memory to store the database."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What aspect of quantum computing allows a qubit to represent multiple possible values at the same time during computation?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Entanglement",
                "B": "Measurement",
                "C": "Superposition",
                "D": "Decoherence"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which of the following correctly lists a main step of Grover's Algorithm?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Initialize qubits, sort the database, output the result",
                "B": "Mark the solution with the oracle, amplify probability amplitude, then measure",
                "C": "Measure first, then apply the oracle and amplify amplitude",
                "D": "Collapse all states to zero before measurement"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What role does the 'oracle' play in Grover's Algorithm?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Increases the energy of the target qubit",
                "B": "Replaces all incorrect solutions with zero amplitude",
                "C": "Flips the phase of the target state, helping identify the correct item",
                "D": "Filters out noisy quantum states"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is the mathematical advantage of Grover's Algorithm over classical search methods when searching for one item in N possible items?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It solves the problem in O(N^2) steps.",
                "B": "It completes the search in a fixed number of steps, regardless of N.",
                "C": "It reduces the number of steps from O(N) to O(√N).",
                "D": "It can only find the answer probabilistically after many trials."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "The Brachistochrone Problem": [
        {
            "question": "In the context of the Brachistochrone Problem, what is the central question being investigated?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Which path has the shortest distance between two points?",
                "B": "Which path allows an object to descend from point A to point B in the least time under gravity?",
                "C": "Which object reaches the ground at the highest speed?",
                "D": "Which path causes the least energy loss due to friction?"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "When a marble is rolled down a straight slide versus a curved slide at the same height, why might the curved slide be faster?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Because the curved slide is always shorter in distance.",
                "B": "Because the curved slide prevents energy loss.",
                "C": "Because the curved slide can allow quicker acceleration and higher speeds.",
                "D": "Because the straight slide is rougher than the curved slide."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "When marbles roll simultaneously down three different tracks—a straight line, a gentle curve, and a cycloid—which path results in the fastest arrival at the bottom?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The straight line",
                "B": "The gentle curve",
                "C": "The cycloid",
                "D": "All paths take the same time"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is a cycloid, as revealed in the solution to the Brachistochrone Problem?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A straight line between two points",
                "B": "A simple circular arc",
                "C": "A curve traced by a point on the rim of a rolling wheel",
                "D": "A zig-zag pattern formed by alternating angles"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Why does the initial steep drop in the cycloid path result in the shortest travel time for a falling object?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It makes the path distance as short as possible.",
                "B": "It allows the object to pick up maximum speed quickly, leading to higher sustained speeds for the rest of the path.",
                "C": "It minimizes the effect of gravity on the object.",
                "D": "It reduces rolling friction compared to other paths."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Binary counting and its application to the Towers of Hanoi puzzle": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best illustrates the transition from everyday counting to understanding the Towers of Hanoi puzzle?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Counting apples, flipping a light switch, and then arranging discs on pegs",
                "B": "Sorting apples by color, drawing a maze, and making a shopping list",
                "C": "Counting in Roman numerals, writing computer code, and playing chess",
                "D": "Adding numbers using a calculator, measuring with a ruler, and solving Sudokus"
            },
            "answer": "A"
        },
        {
            "question": "In a binary counting system with three digits, what does the binary number 101 represent in decimal?",
            "options": {
                "A": "5",
                "B": "4",
                "C": "6",
                "D": "3"
            },
            "answer": "A"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which of the following is NOT a rule of the Towers of Hanoi puzzle?",
            "options": {
                "A": "You may only move one disc at a time",
                "B": "A larger disc can be placed on top of a smaller disc",
                "C": "You cannot place a larger disc on a smaller disc",
                "D": "All discs start on one rod and must be moved to another"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "How does binary counting help in solving the Towers of Hanoi puzzle with three discs?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Each change in a binary digit indicates which disc should move next",
                "B": "Binary counting tells you the color to paint each disc",
                "C": "Binary numbers determine the size of each disc",
                "D": "Binary counting decides which rod to remove from the puzzle"
            },
            "answer": "A"
        },
        {
            "question": "When solving the three-disc Hanoi puzzle using binary, what do each of the digits in the binary number represent?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The movement of a specific disc in the puzzle",
                "B": "The speed at which each disc moves",
                "C": "The order in which rods are labeled",
                "D": "The total number of discs on each rod"
            },
            "answer": "A"
        }
    ],
    "Criteria for effective mathematical explanation": [
        {
            "question": "What is the main purpose of giving mathematical explanations, as discussed in the introduction?",
            "options": {
                "A": "To memorize formulas quickly.",
                "B": "To help others understand reasoning and communicate solutions clearly.",
                "C": "To skip unnecessary steps and reach the answer faster.",
                "D": "To impress others with advanced vocabulary."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Why is it important to understand mathematical language and symbols before explaining mathematics?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Because symbols are decorative and make notes colorful.",
                "B": "Because understanding them ensures everyone shares the same base knowledge.",
                "C": "Because using symbols makes explanations longer.",
                "D": "Because symbols are only needed for advanced math topics."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best demonstrates clarity in a mathematical explanation?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Writing all the steps in one long sentence.",
                "B": "Highlighting or numbering each logical step in solving the problem.",
                "C": "Skipping easy steps and starting with the answer.",
                "D": "Using as many technical terms as possible without explanation."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "How do visuals and representations improve mathematical explanations?",
            "options": {
                "A": "They make the explanation look more impressive.",
                "B": "They help learners better understand concepts by connecting ideas visually.",
                "C": "They are only helpful when solving geometry problems.",
                "D": "They make explanations longer without adding clarity."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What does 'justification' add to a mathematical explanation?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It shows why each step works, relating actions to mathematical principles.",
                "B": "It tells you which answer to choose without explanation.",
                "C": "It makes explanations more confusing for beginners.",
                "D": "It is only needed when checking a final answer."
            },
            "answer": "A"
        }
    ],
    "Optimal Wordle starting strategies and algorithmic analysis": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following is TRUE about Wordle as introduced in the video?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Players have unlimited guesses to solve the word.",
                "B": "Wordle is a five-letter word puzzle solved in six attempts using deduction and logic.",
                "C": "There is no feedback after each guess.",
                "D": "Players must solve three puzzles per day."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What role does Wordle's color-coded feedback system primarily serve?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It provides hints for the next day's puzzle.",
                "B": "It visually decorates the guesses.",
                "C": "It helps eliminate impossible solutions by narrowing down possible words.",
                "D": "It tracks how many guesses remain."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Why is choosing a starting word with high 'entropy' recommended in Wordle?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It makes the game more challenging for other players.",
                "B": "High-entropy words maximize the information you gain, helping to reduce uncertainty fastest.",
                "C": "Low-entropy words are always the most common answers.",
                "D": "High-entropy words guarantee a win in the first guess."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "How do computer algorithms typically determine the best Wordle starting words?",
            "options": {
                "A": "They pick starter words randomly and hope for the best.",
                "B": "They choose words with the least frequent letters to make the game longer.",
                "C": "They simulate possible guesses to calculate which words eliminate the most solutions on average.",
                "D": "They always pick the word that was yesterday's answer."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "According to the video, what feature do statistically strong starting words in Wordle often have?",
            "options": {
                "A": "They contain rare letters like 'Q' and 'Z' multiple times.",
                "B": "They repeat the same letter several times.",
                "C": "They include common letters placed in varied positions.",
                "D": "They always end with the letter 'S'."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "Generating functions and complex numbers in combinatorial counting": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best describes the main challenge addressed by combinatorial counting techniques?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Ensuring objects are of equal size before counting.",
                "B": "Randomly assigning numbers to objects.",
                "C": "Systematically calculating the number of possible arrangements, selections, or partitions in large sets.",
                "D": "Guaranteeing each object is colored differently."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which of the following is the correct graphical representation of the complex number z = 3 + 4i on the complex plane?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A point at (4,0), corresponding to the real part only",
                "B": "A point at (3,4), with 3 units on the real axis and 4 units on the imaginary axis",
                "C": "A point at (0,7), representing the modulus",
                "D": "A line crossing the origin with slope 4/3"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is the primary role of an ordinary generating function (OGF) in combinatorics?",
            "options": {
                "A": "To represent a geometric shape corresponding to a set",
                "B": "To encode a sequence as a power series where coefficients represent counts for each case",
                "C": "To solve quadratic equations involving complex numbers",
                "D": "To randomly generate numbers for sampling"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the rabbit hops staircase problem (where a rabbit can hop up 1 or 2 steps at a time), what does the coefficient of x^n in the generating function represent?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The number of ways the rabbit can hop exactly n steps",
                "B": "The maximum possible height the rabbit can reach",
                "C": "The distance between each hop",
                "D": "The number of colors the rabbit can choose"
            },
            "answer": "A"
        },
        {
            "question": "How are roots of unity particularly useful in combinatorial counting problems involving symmetry?",
            "options": {
                "A": "They help encode real number sequences into generating functions",
                "B": "They allow us to count colorings or arrangements that are equivalent under rotation by extracting coefficients representing distinct cases",
                "C": "They convert complex numbers to real numbers for easier computation",
                "D": "They simplify addition and subtraction in arithmetic progressions"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Impossible chessboard puzzle and information theory": [
        {
            "question": "In the 'Impossible Chessboard Puzzle', what is the crucial clue given to the guessing team?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A description of every coin on the board",
                "B": "The ability to peek under the chessboard",
                "C": "A single coin is flipped to communicate the hidden square",
                "D": "All the coins are flipped at random"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "According to information theory, what is the information content of flipping a single coin (heads or tails)?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Two bits, for two possible states",
                "B": "One bit, since it has two possible states",
                "C": "Zero bits, since it conveys no information",
                "D": "Eight bits, to match a byte"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "How does the concept of parity help in solving the chessboard puzzle?",
            "options": {
                "A": "By randomly flipping coins until the answer is found",
                "B": "By using evenness or oddness of coins in certain rows/columns to encode information",
                "C": "By allowing the team to memorize the location in advance",
                "D": "By removing all coins except one"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is the team's strategy to guarantee that the guessing mouse finds the hidden square?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Flip a coin at random and hope for the best",
                "B": "Whisper the location secretly during the game",
                "C": "Pre-arrange a coding scheme using parity so the position can always be decoded from the board",
                "D": "Use trial and error by flipping coins repeatedly"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which real-world technology uses parity checks—like in the chessboard puzzle—to help detect errors?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Cooking recipes",
                "B": "Computer memory and hard drives",
                "C": "Book printing",
                "D": "Car engines"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Music and Measure Theory": [
        {
            "question": "Which visual analogy best illustrates the connection between musical notation and mathematical graphs in understanding information encoding?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Displaying a musical score side by side with a mathematical graph.",
                "B": "Showing only a mathematical equation.",
                "C": "Listening to music without any visuals.",
                "D": "Watching a movie about musicians."
            },
            "answer": "A"
        },
        {
            "question": "How can the concept of intervals in mathematics be illustrated using music, as shown in the lesson?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Dancers step along a number line in sync with a musical beat.",
                "B": "Playing random notes on a piano.",
                "C": "Drawing a single straight line with no context.",
                "D": "Measuring the height of dancers."
            },
            "answer": "A"
        },
        {
            "question": "In measure theory, what is the purpose of a 'measure'?",
            "options": {
                "A": "To assign a size or value to different mathematical sets, even irregular ones.",
                "B": "To grade musical performances.",
                "C": "To determine the emotional impact of music.",
                "D": "To identify only perfectly straight objects."
            },
            "answer": "A"
        },
        {
            "question": "When mapping musical elements to mathematical measures, what does the length of a note correspond to?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The measure of a specific interval on a number line.",
                "B": "The tempo of the song.",
                "C": "The number of instruments being played.",
                "D": "The key signature of the piece."
            },
            "answer": "A"
        },
        {
            "question": "How does measure theory relate to finding the total energy of a sound wave in music?",
            "options": {
                "A": "By integrating the area under the sound wave curve to sum up the total loudness or energy.",
                "B": "By counting the number of notes played.",
                "C": "By identifying the composer of the piece.",
                "D": "By measuring the height of musical notes on a staff."
            },
            "answer": "A"
        }
    ],
    "Moser's circle problem": [
        {
            "question": "What is the Moser's Circle Problem primarily concerned with?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Finding the area of a circle given its diameter.",
                "B": "Counting the number of distinct regions formed by connecting every pair of n points on a circle with straight lines.",
                "C": "Measuring the angles created by intersecting chords in a circle.",
                "D": "Determining the shortest path between two points on a circle."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best describes a 'chord' in the context of the Moser's Circle Problem?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A line segment connecting the center of a circle to its circumference.",
                "B": "A curve drawn inside the circle.",
                "C": "A line segment connecting two points on a circle.",
                "D": "A region between two parallel lines outside the circle."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "If you start with 2 points on a circle and repeatedly add more points and connect every pair, how does the number of regions formed change for 2, 3, and 4 points?",
            "options": {
                "A": "1, 2, 4 regions respectively.",
                "B": "1, 3, 5 regions respectively.",
                "C": "2, 4, 6 regions respectively.",
                "D": "1, 2, 6 regions respectively."
            },
            "answer": "A"
        },
        {
            "question": "When investigating how the number of regions grows with more points on the circle, which of the following is true?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The number of regions always doubles when a new point is added.",
                "B": "The number of regions increases in a simple arithmetic progression.",
                "C": "The growth is more complex, related to combinatorics, and doesn't follow straightforward patterns like doubling.",
                "D": "The number of regions decreases as points are added."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "According to the general formula R(n) = 1 + n(n-1)/2 + n(n-1)(n-2)(n-3)/24 for the Moser's Circle Problem, what does each term represent?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Vertices, sides, and angles of the circle.",
                "B": "Full circle (1), straight lines (pairs of points), and regions from intersecting lines (quadruples of points).",
                "C": "Circumference, diameter, and radius.",
                "D": "Area, perimeter, and volume."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Putnam mathematics competition problem-solving": [
        {
            "question": "Which feature best distinguishes the William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition among undergraduate math contests?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It is open to high school students worldwide.",
                "B": "It emphasizes deep problem-solving and creative mathematical thinking.",
                "C": "It primarily focuses on speed calculations.",
                "D": "It is held every other year rather than annually."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "When faced with a complex Putnam problem, which strategy is LEAST likely to appear on the problem-solver's 'toolbelt'?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Pattern identification",
                "B": "Breaking into cases",
                "C": "Memorizing all formulas",
                "D": "Leveraging invariants"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which group of topics typically forms the foundational 'building blocks' for solving Putnam problems?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Combinatorics, algebra, number theory, geometry, and calculus",
                "B": "Physics equations, statistics, and trigonometry only",
                "C": "Calculus exclusively",
                "D": "Literature, history, and biology"
            },
            "answer": "A"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the example 'How many ways can a monkey arrange 5 different nuts in a row?', which analytical tool helps visualize all possibilities?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Probability table",
                "B": "Combinatorial tree diagram",
                "C": "Bar graph",
                "D": "Pie chart"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which characteristic most clearly distinguishes a well-presented Putnam solution from a cluttered or confusing one?",
            "options": {
                "A": "All steps written in paragraph form",
                "B": "Final answer boxed with labeled steps and clean organization",
                "C": "Use of only rough calculations",
                "D": "Skipping diagrams for brevity"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Geometry puzzles involving dimensional shifts": [
        {
            "question": "When a straight line (1D) morphs into a square (2D) and then into a cube (3D), which property does NOT change as the dimensions increase?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The number of corners",
                "B": "The number of sides",
                "C": "The dimensionality of the object",
                "D": "The length of the original line"
            },
            "answer": "D"
        },
        {
            "question": "Given a square with a side length of 4 units, what is the volume of a cube with the same side length?",
            "options": {
                "A": "16 cubic units",
                "B": "64 cubic units",
                "C": "8 cubic units",
                "D": "4 cubic units"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "If you slice a cube with a single plane parallel to one of its faces, what 2D shape will the cross-section be?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Circle",
                "B": "Triangle",
                "C": "Square",
                "D": "Hexagon"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "If you use a cat-shaped cookie cutter to press into dough, what dimensional transition are you creating when you then extrude upwards to form a 'cat cake'?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Creating a 1D figure from a 2D projection",
                "B": "Shifting from 2D to 3D",
                "C": "Collapsing a 3D figure into 2D",
                "D": "Rotating a 2D figure in 3D space"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "In a puzzle where a robotic dog moves through a pipe, what aspect is most important for determining if the dog can fit through the pipe?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The color of the dog",
                "B": "The volume of the pipe",
                "C": "The 2D cross-section of the pipe and the dog's 3D shape",
                "D": "The length of the pipe"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "Dandelin spheres and conic sections": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best describes how a conic section is formed?",
            "options": {
                "A": "By folding a plane into a circle",
                "B": "By rotating a line around a point",
                "C": "By intersecting a plane with a cone at different angles",
                "D": "By stacking circles on top of each other"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "What does tangency describe in the context of a sphere and a plane?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The sphere and plane overlap entirely",
                "B": "The sphere and plane touch along a line",
                "C": "The sphere and plane touch at exactly one point",
                "D": "The sphere does not touch the plane at all"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "When constructing Dandelin spheres, where are the spheres placed within the cone?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Outside the cone, tangent only to the plane",
                "B": "Inside the cone, nested between the cone and the intersecting plane",
                "C": "Only at the apex of the cone",
                "D": "Above the plane and not in contact with the cone"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the context of Dandelin spheres and conic sections, what is the significance of the points where the spheres are tangent to the intersecting plane?",
            "options": {
                "A": "They determine the center of the cone",
                "B": "They mark the intersections of the cone's apex with the plane",
                "C": "They correspond to the focus (or foci) and help define the directrix for the conic section",
                "D": "They show where the plane passes through the base of the cone"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "How can the motion of a squirrel inside a hollow cone, passing through the tangency points of Dandelin spheres, help us understand real-world phenomena?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It demonstrates planetary orbits as ellipses with focuses",
                "B": "It shows how magnetism works in circuits",
                "C": "It explains how sound waves travel in a straight line",
                "D": "It relates to reflection patterns of light only"
            },
            "answer": "A"
        }
    ],
    "Windmill problem": [
        {
            "question": "What is the main objective of the Windmill Problem as presented in the 2011 IMO?",
            "options": {
                "A": "To find the longest possible distance between two points on the plane.",
                "B": "To prove that every point becomes a pivot infinitely often as the rotating line turns.",
                "C": "To count how many times the windmill passes through a given point.",
                "D": "To show that the line can only rotate a finite number of times before stopping."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the context of the windmill process, what does 'rotation around a pivot' mean?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Moving the pivot along a straight line.",
                "B": "Spinning the entire plane around a fixed axis.",
                "C": "Turning a line about a fixed point while keeping the point fixed and the angle changing.",
                "D": "Sliding the line without changing its direction."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which rule is crucial to the windmill process?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The line must always rotate counterclockwise.",
                "B": "After the line meets a new point, that point becomes the new pivot for continued rotation.",
                "C": "Once a point is used as a pivot, it cannot be used again.",
                "D": "The process stops when all points are collinear."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What ensures that the windmill process cycles through all points regardless of the starting conditions?",
            "options": {
                "A": "There is always a boundary that limits the points.",
                "B": "The rotation process creates cycles guaranteeing each point will be revisited as a pivot infinitely.",
                "C": "Starting from the largest point, you can only move to smaller points.",
                "D": "The points must be on the edges of a polygon."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the example with four non-collinear points and the windmill process, what occurs after several iterations?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Every point is used as a pivot exactly once.",
                "B": "Some points are never chosen as pivots.",
                "C": "Each point becomes a pivot multiple times, with the process continuing infinitely.",
                "D": "The process ends when the line leaves the point set."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "Cross products in 2D and 3D": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following statements best describes a vector as introduced in the context of cross products?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A vector is a line segment with only magnitude.",
                "B": "A vector is a mathematical object with both magnitude and direction, often represented as an arrow.",
                "C": "A vector is a fixed point in space.",
                "D": "A vector is only used to represent speed."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "In 2D, what does the cross product (perp product) of two vectors A = [2,3] and B = [1,4] specifically represent?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The sum of their magnitudes.",
                "B": "The area of the parallelogram they span, with sign indicating orientation.",
                "C": "The cosine of the angle between them.",
                "D": "A new vector pointing perpendicular to the plane."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "When taking the cross product of two non-parallel vectors in 3D, what is true about the resulting vector?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It has the same direction as one of the original vectors.",
                "B": "It is always a zero vector.",
                "C": "It is perpendicular to the plane containing the two original vectors, and its length equals the area of the parallelogram they form.",
                "D": "It always points along the x-axis."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Using the determinant method, what is the correct i-component when computing the cross product of A = [2, 1, 0] and B = [1, 3, 2]?",
            "options": {
                "A": "1",
                "B": "2",
                "C": "-1",
                "D": "0"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which of the following is a real-life application of the cross product mentioned in the lesson?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Adding lengths of two wires.",
                "B": "Calculating the angle between two roads.",
                "C": "Determining the torque generated by a force applied to a robot arm.",
                "D": "Computing the sum of coordinates for a graphic point."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "Pythagorean triples and their connection to complex numbers": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following is a correct definition of a Pythagorean triple?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A set of three positive integers (a, b, c) such that a + b = c.",
                "B": "A set of three positive integers (a, b, c) such that a^2 + b^2 = c^2.",
                "C": "A set of three positive integers (a, b, c) such that a^2 + b = c^2.",
                "D": "A set of any three numbers whose sum is a perfect square."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "When visualizing Pythagorean triples on a grid, what does changing the side lengths of the triangle while keeping integer values usually demonstrate?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It creates non-right triangles with irrational sides.",
                "B": "It generates triangles that cannot form squares on their sides.",
                "C": "It shows different right triangles whose sides satisfy a^2 + b^2 = c^2 with integer values.",
                "D": "It results in triangles where the hypotenuse is always a prime number."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "On the complex plane, what does the modulus of a complex number a + bi represent?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The sum of its real and imaginary parts.",
                "B": "The angle the vector makes with the x-axis.",
                "C": "The squared distance from the origin to the point (a, b).",
                "D": "The straight-line distance from the origin to (a, b), calculated as √(a² + b²)."
            },
            "answer": "D"
        },
        {
            "question": "How are Pythagorean triples connected to complex numbers?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Pythagorean triples only appear in complex multiplication tables.",
                "B": "Complex numbers always have integer moduli whenever both parts are integers.",
                "C": "The modulus of a complex number a + bi is an integer if (a, b, c) forms a Pythagorean triple with c = |a + bi|.",
                "D": "Adding complex numbers always produces a Pythagorean triple."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is one practical real-life application of Pythagorean triples mentioned in the lesson?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Determining the colors in a rainbow.",
                "B": "Calculating distances in video game design for smooth character movements.",
                "C": "Measuring time using sundials.",
                "D": "Predicting weather patterns."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Wallis product for pi": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following statements best describes what an infinite product is, as opposed to an infinite series?",
            "options": {
                "A": "An infinite product adds an infinite list of numbers together.",
                "B": "An infinite product multiplies a sequence of factors together, potentially approaching a limit.",
                "C": "An infinite product always diverges to infinity.",
                "D": "An infinite product is used only in geometry, not analysis."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the Wallis product formula for π, which numerical pattern appears repeatedly in both the numerators and denominators?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Multiples of three and four only",
                "B": "Prime numbers in sequence",
                "C": "Even numbers in the numerators and consecutive odd numbers in the denominators",
                "D": "Variable powers of two only"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "What does visualizing the partial products of the Wallis formula demonstrate about their relationship to π/2?",
            "options": {
                "A": "They rapidly diverge away from π/2 as more terms are multiplied.",
                "B": "Each partial product equals exactly π/2 after two terms.",
                "C": "The partial products gradually approach π/2 as more terms are included.",
                "D": "The partial products fluctuate randomly without nearing any particular value."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "From which conceptual source does the Wallis product for π arise, as discussed in the syllabus?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Calculating the area of a rectangle using only whole numbers",
                "B": "Summing an arithmetic progression",
                "C": "Integrating even powers of the sine function over an interval",
                "D": "Counting the number of circles that tile a plane"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which of the following is a real-world context where Wallis's formula for π might contribute, according to the syllabus?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Programming video games only",
                "B": "Engineering or physics calculations involving circles",
                "C": "Composing classical music",
                "D": "Measuring temperature in weather forecasts"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Sphere surface area and its relationship to projected shadow": [
        {
            "question": "What best describes 'projection' in the context of measuring objects?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The amount of space inside a three-dimensional object.",
                "B": "The distance from the center of an object to its edge.",
                "C": "The shadow or image an object creates on a flat surface when light shines on it.",
                "D": "The thickness of a solid object."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which statement about a sphere is correct?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A sphere has flat faces like a cube.",
                "B": "All points on a sphere's surface are equally distant from its center.",
                "C": "A sphere and a circle are the same.",
                "D": "A sphere has edges and corners."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is the correct formula for the surface area (A) of a sphere with radius r?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A = \\u03c0r^2",
                "B": "A = 2\\u03c0r",
                "C": "A = 4\\u03c0r^2",
                "D": "A = (4/3)\\u03c0r^3"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "When a sphere casts a shadow directly below it under a lamp, what is the area of its shadow if the sphere's radius is r?",
            "options": {
                "A": "4\\u03c0r^2",
                "B": "\\u03c0r^2",
                "C": "2\\u03c0r",
                "D": "2\\u03c0r^2"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "How does the surface area of a sphere compare to the area of its projected shadow?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The surface area is equal to the shadow area.",
                "B": "The surface area is twice the shadow area.",
                "C": "The surface area is four times the shadow area.",
                "D": "The surface area is half the shadow area."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "How wiggling charges give rise to light and the barber pole effect": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best describes light from a scientific perspective?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A stream of tiny particles that move in straight lines.",
                "B": "A disturbance that travels through electric and magnetic fields as a wave.",
                "C": "A force that pulls objects together.",
                "D": "A form of heat energy only."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What happens when an electric charge moves back and forth (wiggles)?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It creates static electricity but no waves.",
                "B": "It generates a constant magnetic field with no movement.",
                "C": "It produces changing electric and magnetic fields that can form light waves.",
                "D": "It loses its charge and disappears."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Why do wiggling (accelerating) charges emit electromagnetic waves?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Because moving charges consume energy and disappear.",
                "B": "Because static charges generate waves automatically.",
                "C": "Because accelerating charges disturb their surrounding electric and magnetic fields, creating ripples that propagate as light.",
                "D": "Because charges are only visible during motion."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which mathematical function best models the shape of the electric and magnetic fields in an electromagnetic wave?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Straight line",
                "B": "Sine wave",
                "C": "Parabola",
                "D": "Exponential curve"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is the 'barber pole effect' and how does it relate to light waves?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It's how barbers create patterns in hair using light waves.",
                "B": "It's an optical illusion where spiral stripes seem to move along a rotating pole, similar to how wave patterns can appear to move in light.",
                "C": "It's a method for making electromagnetic waves visible.",
                "D": "It's the twisting of light as it passes through a prism."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Fundamental constants and mathematical structure in turbulence": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best distinguishes turbulent flow from laminar flow, as seen in examples like a river?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Turbulent flow exhibits smooth, predictable motion of fluid layers.",
                "B": "Laminar flow is characterized by swirling eddies and irregular motion.",
                "C": "Turbulent flow is chaotic and irregular, often with swirling eddies.",
                "D": "Both types of flow look identical to the naked eye."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "In fluid dynamics, what is the main difference between scalars and vectors as reviewed through velocity fields?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Scalars and vectors both have direction but only vectors have magnitude.",
                "B": "Vectors have both magnitude and direction, whereas scalars only have magnitude.",
                "C": "Scalars and vectors both represent quantities with magnitude and direction.",
                "D": "Vectors are used only for temperature fields, not velocity."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which constant in turbulence quantifies the proportionality in the energy spectrum and is typically represented in turbulence equations?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Kolmogorov constant (C_K)",
                "B": "Reynolds number",
                "C": "Mach number",
                "D": "Stokes constant"
            },
            "answer": "A"
        },
        {
            "question": "The concept of the energy cascade in turbulence describes how:",
            "options": {
                "A": "Energy only accumulates in the largest eddies and never changes size.",
                "B": "Large eddies transfer energy to progressively smaller eddies down to dissipation scales.",
                "C": "Energy flows randomly between eddies of any size without structure.",
                "D": "All eddies in turbulence are the same size and have equal energy."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the Kolmogorov energy spectrum formula E(k) = C_K ε^{2/3} k^{-5/3}, what happens to the energy spectrum curve if the rate of energy dissipation (ε) is increased?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The entire spectrum curve shifts downward.",
                "B": "There is no impact on the spectrum curve.",
                "C": "The curve shifts upward, showing increased energy at all scales.",
                "D": "The exponent on k changes from -5/3 to -3."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "Refraction and the behavior of light in different media": [
        {
            "question": "Which statement best describes light based on a basic primer?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Light travels as a sound wave through any medium.",
                "B": "Light is an electromagnetic wave that travels in a straight path until it hits another material.",
                "C": "Light can only travel through solids, not through air or glass.",
                "D": "Light instantly disappears when it encounters another material."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is refraction?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Reflection of light from a mirror-like surface.",
                "B": "The scattering of light by particles in a medium.",
                "C": "The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another.",
                "D": "The absorption of light by colored materials."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "In a ray diagram showing light entering glass from air at an angle, what does the 'angle of incidence' represent?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The angle between the incident ray and the boundary surface.",
                "B": "The angle between the refracted ray and the boundary surface.",
                "C": "The angle between the incident ray and the normal line at the boundary.",
                "D": "The angle between the refracted ray and the incoming ray."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Why does light bend when it passes from air into glass?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Because the color of light changes inside glass.",
                "B": "Because the index of refraction of glass is higher than air, making light slow down.",
                "C": "Because glass is heavier than air.",
                "D": "Because glass reflects most of the light away."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which equation represents Snell's Law for refraction?",
            "options": {
                "A": "v = f · λ",
                "B": "E = mc^2",
                "C": "n1·sinθ1 = n2·sinθ2",
                "D": "F = ma"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "Block collision problem and its relation to calculating digits of pi": [
        {
            "question": "In the video’s introduction, what surprising result can you observe by counting the number of collisions between two blocks and a wall in a certain setup?",
            "options": {
                "A": "You can determine the mass of each block.",
                "B": "You can calculate the acceleration due to gravity.",
                "C": "You can reveal the digits of pi (π).",
                "D": "You can measure the speed of sound."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which two physical quantities are always conserved during a perfectly elastic collision, as reviewed in the prerequisite section?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Momentum and gravitational force",
                "B": "Kinetic energy and momentum",
                "C": "Potential energy and acceleration",
                "D": "Mass and volume"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the special block collision experiment, what is the role of the wall near Block B?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The wall absorbs all the energy to stop the blocks.",
                "B": "The wall allows Block B to escape the collision area.",
                "C": "The wall causes Block B to rebound, leading to additional collisions.",
                "D": "The wall changes the mass of Block B during the experiment."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "How is the number of collisions in the block setup related to the digits of pi (π) when the mass of Block A is 100ⁿ times the mass of Block B?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The number of collisions is always 10ⁿ.",
                "B": "It directly matches the first n digits of pi.",
                "C": "The collision count follows a random pattern.",
                "D": "There are always three collisions, regardless of mass."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is the geometric intuition behind pi emerging from the block collision experiment, as explained in the video?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The velocities trace straight lines on a flat plane.",
                "B": "Each bounce is equivalent to a reflection off a circle, and the angle traversed relates to pi.",
                "C": "The motion follows the Fibonacci sequence.",
                "D": "Block paths form a square, approximating pi."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Origin and color dependence of the index of refraction": [
        {
            "question": "What does the index of refraction (n) represent in a material?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The color of the material when light passes through it",
                "B": "The ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in the material",
                "C": "The angle at which light exits the material",
                "D": "The number of photons passing through the material per second"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Why does light slow down when it passes through a material like glass or water?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Because the light is absorbed completely by the material",
                "B": "Because the atomic structure interacts with the light, temporarily delaying it",
                "C": "Because the color of the light matches the color of the material",
                "D": "Because light always travels slower in colored materials"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What causes white light to split into a rainbow when passing through a glass prism?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The glass physically separates the colors",
                "B": "Each color (wavelength) of light is slowed down by the same amount",
                "C": "Different wavelengths are slowed by different amounts, causing them to bend differently (dispersion)",
                "D": "Only red light is affected by the glass"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which formula correctly expresses the refractive index for light of wavelength λ?",
            "options": {
                "A": "n(λ) = v(λ) / c",
                "B": "n(λ) = c / v(λ)",
                "C": "n(λ) = λ / c",
                "D": "n(λ) = c × v(λ)"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "How do rainbows and animal vision illustrate the color dependence of refractive index?",
            "options": {
                "A": "All colors bend at the same angle, so rainbows would not form",
                "B": "Animals only see red and blue because those colors don’t disperse",
                "C": "Water droplets in the air bend each wavelength differently, and some animals see wavelengths (like ultraviolet) that humans cannot",
                "D": "Rainbows only contain colors that humans can see, with no dependence on light's speed"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "The physics of pi arising from colliding blocks": [
        {
            "question": "Why is the appearance of Pi (π) in the context of colliding blocks considered mysterious?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Because Pi only appears in problems involving circles or curves.",
                "B": "Because collisions don't conserve energy, making calculations unpredictable.",
                "C": "Because Pi is unrelated to any aspect of physics.",
                "D": "Because Pi is a constant that describes only triangles."
            },
            "answer": "A"
        },
        {
            "question": "In an elastic collision between two blocks, which fundamental principle ensures that the total momentum of the system does not change?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Law of Universal Gravitation",
                "B": "Conservation of Momentum",
                "C": "Law of Thermodynamics",
                "D": "Principle of Relativity"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best describes the physical setup used to uncover Pi in the block collision problem?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Two frictionless blocks attached by a spring in a vacuum",
                "B": "A small block and a much larger block sliding toward each other and a wall on a frictionless surface, with all collisions being elastic",
                "C": "A single block repeatedly bouncing between two moving walls",
                "D": "Two blocks glued together and rolled down an incline"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "How does Pi emerge when counting collisions in the block and wall system as the ratio of the masses (M/m) increases?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The total number of collisions approaches the digits of Pi in sequence",
                "B": "The number of collisions becomes infinite for any mass ratio",
                "C": "Pi appears only when the masses are equal",
                "D": "Collisions decrease as the mass ratio increases, revealing Pi indirectly"
            },
            "answer": "A"
        },
        {
            "question": "What geometric concept helps explain why Pi appears when plotting the velocity changes of the blocks during collisions?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The bouncing points trace out the edge of a hexagon",
                "B": "The diagram forms a straight line passing through the origin",
                "C": "The path resembles the arc of a quarter circle, whose length relates to Pi",
                "D": "The velocity vectors always sum to a constant"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "Barber pole effect with polarized light in sugar water": [
        {
            "question": "What is the 'barber pole effect' as introduced in the video?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The way light bends when it enters water at an angle.",
                "B": "A visual illusion where stripes on a rotating pole seem to move up or down instead of spinning.",
                "C": "A phenomenon where colored lights mix to form white light.",
                "D": "A method for measuring sugar concentration using colored stripes."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which statement BEST describes polarized light?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Light traveling only in straight lines.",
                "B": "Light that vibrates in all directions equally.",
                "C": "Light waves oscillating in a single direction after passing through a filter.",
                "D": "Light that can only be seen through sunglasses."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is meant by 'optical activity' in the context of sugar water?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The ability of sugar water to absorb all light.",
                "B": "The property where sugar water rotates the plane of polarization of light passing through it.",
                "C": "The way sugar water scatters blue light more than red.",
                "D": "The appearance of color bands due to dissolved sugar."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the experimental setup with polarized light and sugar water, what happens when you rotate the analyzer (polarizing filter) or the tank?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The light becomes unpolarized and the pattern disappears.",
                "B": "The striped pattern starts to spiral or appear to move, mimicking the barber pole effect.",
                "C": "The sugar dissolves more quickly.",
                "D": "The brightness of light remains unchanged."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "According to the formula θ = [α]·c·l, what change would NOT increase the rotation angle θ of polarized light in sugar water?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Increasing the sugar concentration (c).",
                "B": "Using a longer tank (l).",
                "C": "Decreasing the specific rotation [α].",
                "D": "Increasing the path length the light travels through sugar water."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "Unexpected answer to a counting puzzle involving collisions and pi": [
        {
            "question": "In the surprising 'pi collisions' puzzle, what unexpected mathematical constant is directly related to the number of collisions between two blocks and a wall?",
            "options": {
                "A": "e",
                "B": "sqrt(2)",
                "C": "π (pi)",
                "D": "φ (golden ratio)"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "In a perfectly elastic collision between two blocks on a frictionless surface, which of the following quantities is always conserved?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Momentum only",
                "B": "Kinetic energy only",
                "C": "Momentum and kinetic energy",
                "D": "Velocity"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the classic block-collision-and-wall puzzle setup, which statement describes the initial conditions of the two blocks?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Both blocks start with equal speeds moving toward the wall",
                "B": "The lighter block starts moving toward a stationary heavy block",
                "C": "Both blocks are moving away from the wall",
                "D": "The heavier block starts moving toward a stationary light block"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What happens to the number of collisions as the mass of the heavier block increases compared to the lighter block in the 'pi collisions' puzzle?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It remains the same",
                "B": "It decreases steadily",
                "C": "It increases dramatically",
                "D": "It doubles for each mass increase"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which geometric analogy best helps explain why π appears in the collision count puzzle?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Blocks bouncing in a straight line",
                "B": "A ball rolling on a flat surface",
                "C": "A ball bouncing inside a quarter-circle track",
                "D": "A pendulum swinging to and fro"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "Principles of Holography and Diffraction": [
        {
            "question": "Which phenomenon best describes how the overlapping of water waves can lead to areas of increased or decreased brightness, similar to what happens with light waves?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Reflection",
                "B": "Diffusion",
                "C": "Interference",
                "D": "Absorption"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "When two light waves meet and their amplitudes add together to create a brighter region, what is this process called?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Destructive interference",
                "B": "Constructive interference",
                "C": "Polarization",
                "D": "Resonance"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What happens to light when it passes through a narrow single slit according to the principle of diffraction?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It is completely blocked.",
                "B": "It remains as a straight beam.",
                "C": "It bends and spreads out, forming curved wavefronts.",
                "D": "It splits into different colors only."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the double-slit experiment, which factor does NOT affect the position of dark bands on the screen according to the formula d × sin(θ) = mλ?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Wavelength of light (λ)",
                "B": "Distance between slits (d)",
                "C": "Angle of diffraction (θ)",
                "D": "Shape of the screen"
            },
            "answer": "D"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which real-world device uses the principles of holography and diffraction to protect against counterfeiting?",
            "options": {
                "A": "LED lightbulb",
                "B": "Credit card security hologram",
                "C": "Wireless router",
                "D": "Inkjet printer"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Partial differential equations": [
        {
            "question": "Which statement best distinguishes a partial differential equation (PDE) from an ordinary differential equation (ODE)?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A PDE contains derivatives with respect to only one variable.",
                "B": "A PDE involves derivatives with respect to multiple independent variables.",
                "C": "An ODE always models physical systems, while a PDE cannot.",
                "D": "An ODE cannot have higher-order derivatives."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "When visually analyzing the 3D surface z = x^2 + y^2, what does the partial derivative with respect to x at a fixed y represent?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The slope of the surface in the y-direction, holding x constant",
                "B": "The slope of the surface in the x-direction, holding y constant",
                "C": "The value of z at the origin",
                "D": "The maximum value of z for all values of x and y"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which of the following is an example of a hyperbolic partial differential equation?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Laplace Equation",
                "B": "Wave Equation",
                "C": "Heat Equation",
                "D": "Poisson Equation"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Why are initial and boundary conditions essential when solving a partial differential equation?",
            "options": {
                "A": "They make the equation nonlinear.",
                "B": "They ensure the uniqueness and physical relevance of the solution.",
                "C": "They allow you to ignore certain variables.",
                "D": "They convert a PDE into a polynomial."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is the main idea behind the separation of variables technique for solving PDEs?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Replacing all partial derivatives with total derivatives",
                "B": "Transforming a PDE into a set of simpler ordinary differential equations by assuming the solution can be written as a product of functions, each depending on a single variable",
                "C": "Guessing the solution by trial and error",
                "D": "Eliminating all boundary conditions"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Boundary conditions and Fourier series in solving the heat equation": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best describes the 1D heat equation as shown in the lizard sunbathing example?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It models how pressure changes along a rod over time.",
                "B": "It models how temperature changes and spreads along a rod over time and space.",
                "C": "It only describes instantaneous temperature at a single point.",
                "D": "It depicts the movement of heat as instantaneous across the whole rod."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What does an insulated boundary condition mean, as demonstrated by the rod’s ends wrapped in insulation?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The temperature at the end is fixed to zero.",
                "B": "Heat can freely enter or leave at the rod’s ends.",
                "C": "No heat flows into or out of the ends; the ends are perfectly insulated.",
                "D": "Temperature at the ends must always be equal."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the robot-splitting-scrolls animation, what does the method of separation of variables achieve?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Combines space and time into a single equation.",
                "B": "Separates the problem into independent spatial and temporal equations.",
                "C": "Removes boundary conditions from consideration.",
                "D": "Solves the heat equation using only initial conditions."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "How does the Fourier series help solve the heat equation, as depicted by the monkey stacking wave shapes?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It finds the maximum temperature instantly.",
                "B": "It represents arbitrary initial temperature profiles as sums of sine and cosine functions.",
                "C": "It only works for constant initial temperatures.",
                "D": "It removes the need to consider boundary conditions."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Why are only certain wave-shaped Fourier terms allowed, as shown in the dog-fitting-puzzle animation for fixed zero-temperature ends?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Only constant (flat) waves fit any boundary.",
                "B": "Both sine and cosine terms fit fixed zero-temperature boundaries.",
                "C": "Only sine terms satisfy the condition of zero temperature at both rod ends.",
                "D": "Any wave shape will satisfy the boundary conditions automatically."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "Ordinary Differential Equations": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best describes an Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE)?",
            "options": {
                "A": "An equation involving multiple independent variables and their partial derivatives.",
                "B": "An equation that relates a function and its derivatives with respect to a single independent variable.",
                "C": "Any equation that includes only algebraic expressions.",
                "D": "A system of equations involving matrices and vectors."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What distinguishes a particular solution of an ODE from a general solution?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A particular solution includes arbitrary constants; a general solution does not.",
                "B": "A general solution fits specific initial conditions; a particular solution does not.",
                "C": "A particular solution satisfies an additional condition, such as y(0) = 2.",
                "D": "There is no difference; both terms mean the same thing."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Consider the equation d²y/dx² = y². What can be said about its order and linearity?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Second-order, linear",
                "B": "First-order, linear",
                "C": "Second-order, non-linear",
                "D": "First-order, non-linear"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which of the following steps is part of the separation of variables method when solving dy/dx = ky?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Directly integrating both sides without rearranging the equation.",
                "B": "Separating variables to get dy/y = k dx before integrating.",
                "C": "Differentiating both sides repeatedly.",
                "D": "Multiplying both sides by y."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What does a slope field visually represent for an ODE like dy/dx = x - y?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The values of y for given values of x.",
                "B": "The possible slopes of the solution curve at each point (x, y) in the plane.",
                "C": "The sequence in which to solve the ODE.",
                "D": "The integration constants for different solutions."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Matrix exponentials": [
        {
            "question": "Why do we extend the concept of the exponential function from numbers to matrices?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Because matrix exponentials create bigger matrices from small ones.",
                "B": "Because matrix exponentials allow us to solve dynamic systems like population models or robots.",
                "C": "Because matrices and numbers behave identically under exponentiation.",
                "D": "Because all mathematical concepts always have a matrix version."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "When raising a matrix A to the power of 3 (i.e., A^3), which operation is performed?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Multiplying A by itself three times using scalar multiplication.",
                "B": "Adding the matrix A to itself three times.",
                "C": "Multiplying A by itself three times using matrix multiplication.",
                "D": "Dividing A by 3 and multiplying the result by itself twice."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is the formula for the matrix exponential e^{A}?",
            "options": {
                "A": "e^{A} = A^2 + A^3 + A^4 + ...",
                "B": "e^{A} = I + A + (A^2/2!) + (A^3/3!) + ...",
                "C": "e^{A} = I + 2A + 3A^2 + 4A^3 + ...",
                "D": "e^{A} = A + A^2/2! + A^3/3! + ... (no identity matrix)"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "For a diagonal matrix D = diag(d1, d2, d3), how do you compute e^{D}?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Exponentiate each diagonal entry; e^{D} = diag(e^{d1}, e^{d2}, e^{d3})",
                "B": "Exponentiate only the largest diagonal entry.",
                "C": "Exponentiate the sum of the diagonal entries and place the result on the diagonal.",
                "D": "Take the square root of each diagonal entry and place it on the diagonal."
            },
            "answer": "A"
        },
        {
            "question": "In solving dx/dt = A x, how is the solution x(t) expressed in terms of the matrix exponential?",
            "options": {
                "A": "x(t) = x(0) + A t",
                "B": "x(t) = A^t x(0)",
                "C": "x(t) = e^{A t} x(0)",
                "D": "x(t) = t x(0) / A"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "The essence of calculus": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best describes what calculus studies, as introduced in the context of change and motion?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The measurement of angles and distances in static figures",
                "B": "How quantities change over time or space",
                "C": "The classification of animals based on speed",
                "D": "Finding exact positions without considering movement"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the context of a cheetah's running path, what does the slope of the tangent line at a specific point on the motion curve represent?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The cheetah's average speed over the entire run",
                "B": "The cheetah's current position",
                "C": "The cheetah's speed at that exact instant",
                "D": "The total distance the cheetah has traveled"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "When visualizing the shaded area under a cheetah's speed curve, what does this area represent in calculus?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The cheetah's maximum speed",
                "B": "The difference between the fastest and slowest speeds",
                "C": "The position where the cheetah starts running",
                "D": "The total distance covered by the cheetah"
            },
            "answer": "D"
        },
        {
            "question": "What fundamental connection does calculus reveal between derivatives and integrals?",
            "options": {
                "A": "They are completely separate concepts",
                "B": "Integrating a rate (like speed) gives a total (like distance), and differentiating the total gives the rate",
                "C": "Derivatives are only used for physics, and integrals are only used for biology",
                "D": "Both only apply to straight lines"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which scenario best illustrates a real-life application of calculus as discussed in the final section?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Drawing straight lines on graph paper",
                "B": "Adjusting a medicine dosage over time to ensure proper health outcomes",
                "C": "Memorizing multiplication tables",
                "D": "Telling time using an analog clock"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Implicit differentiation": [
        {
            "question": "Which situation best illustrates why implicit differentiation is needed?",
            "options": {
                "A": "When y is already written explicitly as a function of x, like y = x^2 + 3x.",
                "B": "When equations like x^2 + (y - \\u221a|x|)^2 = 1 cannot be easily rearranged to y = f(x).",
                "C": "When you're only differentiating constants with respect to x.",
                "D": "When solving for y after taking the derivative is impossible."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which of the following correctly applies the chain rule to differentiate y = (3x + 2)^4 with respect to x?",
            "options": {
                "A": "d/dx[y] = 4(3x+2)^3",
                "B": "d/dx[y] = 4(3x+2)^3 \\u00d7 3",
                "C": "d/dx[y] = (3x+2)^4",
                "D": "d/dx[y] = 12(3x+2)^2"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "After differentiating both sides of x^2 + y^2 = 25 with respect to x, what is the correct next step?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Solve for y in terms of x.",
                "B": "Multiply both sides by dy/dx.",
                "C": "Group all terms with dy/dx on one side and solve for dy/dx.",
                "D": "Ignore y terms since they aren't functions of x."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "On the circle x^2 + y^2 = 25, what is the slope of the tangent line at the point (3, 4)?",
            "options": {
                "A": "3/4",
                "B": "4/3",
                "C": "-3/4",
                "D": "-4/3"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "For the curve xy + y^3 = 7, what is the value of dy/dx at the point (1, 2)?",
            "options": {
                "A": "-2/13",
                "B": "2/13",
                "C": "-2/7",
                "D": "1/8"
            },
            "answer": "A"
        }
    ],
    "Borwein integrals and their surprising patterns": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best describes a Borwein integral?",
            "options": {
                "A": "An indefinite integral involving logarithmic functions.",
                "B": "A definite integral that multiplies sine and cosine functions in a specific product form.",
                "C": "A family of definite integrals with products of trigonometric functions, notably involving sin(x)/x.",
                "D": "An integral that always produces a result of zero."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is the value of the classic integral \\\\( \\\\int_0^{\\\\infty} \\\\frac{\\\\sin(x)}{x} dx \\\\)?",
            "options": {
                "A": "1",
                "B": "\\\\( \\\\frac{1}{2} \\\\)",
                "C": "\\\\( \\\\frac{\\\\pi}{2} \\\\)",
                "D": "\\\\( \\\\pi \\\\)"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "What surprising pattern is found in the Borwein sequence of integrals for n = 1 to 6?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Each integral evaluates to zero.",
                "B": "The result alternates between positive and negative values.",
                "C": "All of them equal \\\\( \\\\pi \\\\).",
                "D": "All of them equal \\\\( \\\\frac{\\\\pi}{2} \\\\)."
            },
            "answer": "D"
        },
        {
            "question": "At which point does the Borwein pattern break, causing the integral's value to change from the previous outcomes?",
            "options": {
                "A": "At n = 2",
                "B": "At n = 6",
                "C": "At n = 7",
                "D": "It never breaks; the result is always the same."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Why is the constant value for the first six Borwein integrals considered surprising?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Because adding more sine product terms should completely cancel each other out.",
                "B": "Because the wave interference should shift the area, but for six terms it balances exactly at \\\\( \\\\frac{\\\\pi}{2} \\\\).",
                "C": "Because integrals don't usually converge.",
                "D": "Because the integrals are undefined for even values of n."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Higher order derivatives": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best describes the meaning of the derivative of a function at a point?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It gives the total distance covered by the function.",
                "B": "It tells how rapidly the function’s value is changing at that point.",
                "C": "It provides the average value of the function near that point.",
                "D": "It measures the area under the curve from zero to that point."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "If a car's position as a function of time is s(t), which statement best describes its acceleration?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Acceleration is the third derivative of s(t) with respect to time.",
                "B": "Acceleration is the second derivative of s(t), representing how velocity changes over time.",
                "C": "Acceleration is simply the value of s(t) at any time.",
                "D": "Acceleration is the derivative of the car’s speed divided by time."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "On a graph of a dolphin jumping, what does the point where the second derivative of position changes sign represent?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A maximum or minimum point of the jump.",
                "B": "An inflection point where the direction of curvature changes.",
                "C": "The exact speed of the dolphin.",
                "D": "Where the dolphin’s height is zero."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which of the following notations correctly represents the third derivative of a function f(x)?",
            "options": {
                "A": "f'(x)",
                "B": "f''(x)",
                "C": "f'''(x)",
                "D": "f(x)^3"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "In real-world applications, what does the 'jerk' (third derivative with respect to time) of a moving object indicate?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The instantaneous velocity",
                "B": "The rapidity of position change",
                "C": "How quickly acceleration is changing",
                "D": "The total distance traveled"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "Transformational view of derivatives": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best describes the traditional geometric intuition behind the derivative at a specific point?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It gives the average height of the function near that point.",
                "B": "It represents the slope of the tangent to the curve at that point.",
                "C": "It counts the number of points on the function.",
                "D": "It measures the area under the curve up to that point."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "In mathematics, what is a transformation when referring to functions or shapes?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Only shifting a function vertically or horizontally.",
                "B": "Changing, stretching, or rotating shapes or functions according to certain rules.",
                "C": "Counting how many times a graph crosses the x-axis.",
                "D": "Coloring regions under a curve."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "How does the transformational perspective reinterpret the derivative of a function at a point?",
            "options": {
                "A": "As the biggest curve possible at that point.",
                "B": "As the best linear transformation that locally approximates the function near that point.",
                "C": "As the total distance traveled by the function up to that point.",
                "D": "As the difference between input and output values at that point."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "In higher dimensions, what does the Jacobian matrix represent in the context of derivatives?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A table for storing function values.",
                "B": "A graph showing second derivatives only.",
                "C": "A linear transformation describing how a function locally stretches, rotates, or reflects space around a point.",
                "D": "A list of points where the function is zero."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "According to the transformational view, what does zooming in on a cheetah’s winding path and seeing it straighten illustrate?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A function’s average position over time.",
                "B": "The local linear approximation of the path by the tangent, representing the instantaneous direction and rate (derivative) at that point.",
                "C": "That the cheetah is slowing down.",
                "D": "That the path is a perfect circle."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Instantaneous rate of change and the derivative": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best describes why understanding the rate at which something changes at a specific moment is important, as illustrated by the cheetah example?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Because the cheetah runs at the same speed throughout its run.",
                "B": "Because knowing only the total distance tells us everything about its motion.",
                "C": "Because real-world phenomena often involve changes that occur at varying rates, and knowing 'how fast' at one moment helps us understand those processes.",
                "D": "Because speed never changes in real-world scenarios."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "What does the average rate of change between two points on a graph represent?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The speed at only one specific point on the graph.",
                "B": "The slope of the tangent line at a single point.",
                "C": "The value of the function at one input.",
                "D": "The slope of the secant line connecting two points, representing the average change over that interval."
            },
            "answer": "D"
        },
        {
            "question": "Why is average rate of change sometimes not enough, as mentioned when zooming in on the cheetah's run?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Because intervals can never be chosen accurately.",
                "B": "Because the average rate only describes the overall change between two points, not the exact rate at a specific instant.",
                "C": "Because average rate of change is the same at all points.",
                "D": "Because graphs never provide enough information."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What does the tangent line at a single point on a curve represent?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The average rate of change between two points far apart.",
                "B": "The rate of change of the function at just that one point, or the instantaneous rate of change.",
                "C": "The value of the output at the point.",
                "D": "A line passing through the origin always."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "If a snail's position is given by s(t) = t², what is its instantaneous speed at t = 2?",
            "options": {
                "A": "2 units per time",
                "B": "4 units per time",
                "C": "8 units per time",
                "D": "None of the above"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Chain rule and product rule in calculus": [
        {
            "question": "What does the derivative of a function at a point physically represent?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The area under the curve at that point",
                "B": "The slope of the tangent line at that point",
                "C": "The maximum value of the function",
                "D": "The average rate of change over the whole function"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which rule is used to differentiate the function f(x) = x^2 + 5x?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Product Rule",
                "B": "Quotient Rule",
                "C": "Sum Rule",
                "D": "Chain Rule"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Given two differentiable functions u(x) and v(x), what is the derivative of their product u(x)v(x)?",
            "options": {
                "A": "u'(x)v'(x)",
                "B": "u'(x)v(x) + u(x)v'(x)",
                "C": "u(x)v'(x) - u'(x)v(x)",
                "D": "u(x)v(x)"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "For the function y = f(g(x)), how is its derivative expressed using the chain rule?",
            "options": {
                "A": "f'(x)g'(x)",
                "B": "f(g(x))g'(x)",
                "C": "f'(g(x)) + g'(x)",
                "D": "f'(g(x)) \\u00b7 g'(x)"
            },
            "answer": "D"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is the derivative of h(x) = (x^2 + 1) \\u00b7 sin(3x)?",
            "options": {
                "A": "2x \\u00b7 sin(3x) + (x^2 + 1) \\u00b7 3cos(3x)",
                "B": "2x \\u00b7 sin(3x) + (x^2 + 1) \\u00b7 cos(3x)",
                "C": "(x^2 + 1) \\u00b7 3cos(3x)",
                "D": "2x \\u00b7 sin(3x)"
            },
            "answer": "A"
        }
    ],
    "Divergence and curl in vector calculus": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best describes a vector field as introduced in the context of flow fields?",
            "options": {
                "A": "An assignment of a single scalar value to every point in space.",
                "B": "A mapping that assigns a direction and magnitude (vector) to every point in space, like the velocity of water at each spot on a pond.",
                "C": "A collection of static points with no direction or magnitude information.",
                "D": "A graphical representation of scalar values only, such as temperature."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What does a change in the length or direction of arrows in a vector field diagram visually represent?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Only a change in physical location of objects.",
                "B": "Variation in the color of the field, not related to vectors.",
                "C": "A change in magnitude (length) or direction of the vector at each point, indicating rates of change within the field.",
                "D": "Static properties that never change across the field."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "If a vector field shows arrows radiating outward from a point, the divergence at that point is:",
            "options": {
                "A": "Zero, indicating no source or sink.",
                "B": "Negative, indicating a sink.",
                "C": "Positive, indicating a source.",
                "D": "Imaginary, since arrows are just visual aids."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "The curl of a vector field most directly measures:",
            "options": {
                "A": "How much the field converges or diverges toward a point.",
                "B": "The overall speed of the flow everywhere.",
                "C": "The tendency of the field to cause rotation or swirling around a point.",
                "D": "The number of vectors present in the field."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "In real-life flow, which situation best illustrates the concept of curl as described in the syllabus?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Air blowing steadily out of a fan in straight lines.",
                "B": "Leaves circling around a whirlpool caused by water draining in a sink.",
                "C": "Calm water with no visible motion.",
                "D": "A bird gliding without flapping its wings."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Taylor polynomials and Taylor series": [
        {
            "question": "Which key calculus concept is visually represented by drawing a tangent line to a curve, such as y = sin(x) at x = 0?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Continuity",
                "B": "Derivative",
                "C": "Integral",
                "D": "Limit"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Why might Max the Mathematician use a Taylor polynomial to estimate cos(x) near x = 0?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Polynomials always give exact values for all functions",
                "B": "Polynomials are easier to compute and closely match functions near specific points",
                "C": "Taylor polynomials only work for trigonometric functions",
                "D": "Cos(x) cannot be approximated near x = 0"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is the general form of the 2nd-degree Taylor polynomial for f(x) = e^x centered at a = 0?",
            "options": {
                "A": "P_2(x) = 1 + x",
                "B": "P_2(x) = x^2 + x + 1",
                "C": "P_2(x) = 1 + x + x^2/2",
                "D": "P_2(x) = e^x"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "What happens when you use higher-degree Taylor polynomials (like P_3(x) instead of P_1(x)) to approximate sin(x)?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The polynomial always overestimates the function",
                "B": "The approximation gets less accurate near x=0",
                "C": "The approximation improves and matches the curve more closely near x=0",
                "D": "Higher-degree polynomials are never used for approximations"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is a significant limitation of using Taylor series for function approximations in practical applications like GPS devices?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Taylor series only work for linear functions",
                "B": "Accuracy decreases far from the expansion point due to limited convergence",
                "C": "Taylor approximations do not work for engineering problems",
                "D": "Computers cannot calculate Taylor series"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Relationship between integrals and derivatives": [
        {
            "question": "If a squirrel's position changes as it runs along a path, which concept measures how fast its speed is changing at a specific moment?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Integral",
                "B": "Derivative",
                "C": "Sum",
                "D": "Function"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "When graphing the function y = x^2, what does the slope of the tangent line at a given point represent?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The value of the function at that point",
                "B": "The area under the curve up to that point",
                "C": "The instantaneous rate of change at that point",
                "D": "The maximum value of the function"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "What does the derivative of a function represent in the context of a rabbit climbing a hill?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The total distance the rabbit has traveled",
                "B": "The steepness or slope of the hill at the rabbit's location",
                "C": "The average speed over the entire climb",
                "D": "The height at the starting point"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the animation of a water tank filling up, what does the shaded area under the flow rate curve represent?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Current water flow rate",
                "B": "Maximum flow rate possible",
                "C": "Total volume of water accumulated over time",
                "D": "Change in rate of flow"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "According to the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, how are derivatives and integrals related?",
            "options": {
                "A": "They are unrelated",
                "B": "They both always produce the same result for a function",
                "C": "They are inverse operations of each other",
                "D": "Integration is a special case of differentiation"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "Derivative formulas and geometric intuition": [
        {
            "question": "In the context of derivatives, what does the speed of a cheetah at a particular instant represent?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The average velocity over an hour",
                "B": "The slope of the tangent to its position-time graph at that instant",
                "C": "The total distance traveled",
                "D": "The area under the curve"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What is the geometric significance of the derivative at a specific point on a curve?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It is the y-coordinate of that point",
                "B": "It is the length of the tangent line",
                "C": "It is the slope of the tangent line at that point",
                "D": "It is the maximum value of the function"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "What does the difference quotient \\\\((f(x + \\\\Delta x) - f(x)) / \\\\Delta x\\\\) represent as \\\\(\\\\Delta x\\\\) approaches zero?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The average rate of change over a large interval",
                "B": "The area between the curve and the x-axis",
                "C": "The instantaneous rate of change, or the derivative",
                "D": "The maximum slope of the curve"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which of the following is the correct derivative of \\\\(y = \\\\sin(x)\\\\)?",
            "options": {
                "A": "\\\\(\\\\cos(x)\\\\)",
                "B": "\\\\(-\\\\sin(x)\\\\)",
                "C": "\\\\(-\\\\cos(x)\\\\)",
                "D": "\\\\(\\\\tan(x)\\\\)"
            },
            "answer": "A"
        },
        {
            "question": "When a cyclist stops to measure how steep a hill is at different points along the path, what mathematical concept is he applying?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Finding the area under the curve",
                "B": "Determining the integral",
                "C": "Calculating the slope of the tangent (the derivative) at each point",
                "D": "Plotting the highest point of the curve"
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "Euler's number e and exponential functions in calculus": [
        {
            "question": "Which scenario best demonstrates exponential growth as explained in the video?",
            "options": {
                "A": "A bank account earning a fixed $10 every month.",
                "B": "A rumor spreading so that each person who hears it tells two more people, doubling the count each time.",
                "C": "A car driving at a constant speed of 60 mph.",
                "D": "A plant growing exactly 3 cm each week."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What does the exponent represent in the function y = 2^x?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The number to add to 2 each time.",
                "B": "The number by which you multiply the output.",
                "C": "How many times you multiply 2 by itself.",
                "D": "The starting value of y."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Euler's number e is most closely associated with which mathematical situation?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Calculating the area of a circle.",
                "B": "Solving quadratic equations.",
                "C": "Continuous compound growth, such as interest compounded infinitely often.",
                "D": "Counting the number of sides in a polygon."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Which of the following is NOT a property of the exponential function f(x) = e^x?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It is always positive for all real x.",
                "B": "It crosses the x-axis at x = 0.",
                "C": "It increases rapidly as x increases.",
                "D": "It never touches the x-axis."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "Why is the function f(x) = e^x considered unique in calculus?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Its graph is a straight line.",
                "B": "Its derivative is zero everywhere.",
                "C": "Its rate of change (derivative) is exactly equal to itself.",
                "D": "It always decreases as x increases."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ],
    "Cramer's rule explained geometrically": [
        {
            "question": "In the context of solving two linear equations in two variables, what does the solution to the system represent geometrically?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The midpoint between the two lines.",
                "B": "The intersection point of the two lines.",
                "C": "The area between the two lines.",
                "D": "The length of the shortest segment connecting the lines."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "What does the determinant of a 2x2 matrix formed by two vectors in the plane measure geometrically?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The number of ways the vectors can be arranged.",
                "B": "The distance between the vectors' endpoints.",
                "C": "The signed area of the parallelogram made by the vectors.",
                "D": "The total length of both vectors added together."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "When applying Cramer's Rule to a 2x2 system, what does replacing a column of the coefficient matrix with the constants do geometrically?",
            "options": {
                "A": "It creates an unrelated parallelogram with no connection to the solution.",
                "B": "It doubles the area of the parallelogram.",
                "C": "It forms a new parallelogram whose area corresponds to the numerator for a variable's solution.",
                "D": "It reflects the parallelogram across the x-axis."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "How can you visually interpret the calculation of x and y in Cramer's Rule using parallelograms?",
            "options": {
                "A": "By subtracting the area of the swapped parallelogram from the original.",
                "B": "By finding the intersection of the parallelograms.",
                "C": "By taking the ratio of the area of the parallelogram with swapped columns to the original coefficient's parallelogram.",
                "D": "By counting the number of grid squares in each parallelogram."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Why does Cramer's Rule provide the correct solution from a geometric viewpoint?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Because swapping columns always gives a larger area.",
                "B": "Because the intersection point corresponds to matched weighted contributions from rearranged column areas.",
                "C": "Because all parallelograms in the plane are congruent.",
                "D": "Because determinants only measure distances."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        }
    ],
    "Integration, the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, and the inverse relationship between integrals and derivatives": [
        {
            "question": "Which of the following best describes the main purpose of integration as introduced in the context of the area under a curve?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Finding the slope at a particular point on a curve.",
                "B": "Calculating the total area between a function and the x-axis within specific bounds.",
                "C": "Determining the maximum value of a function.",
                "D": "Measuring the length of a curve between two points."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "In the roller-coaster analogy, the derivative of the track's equation at a certain spot tells us:",
            "options": {
                "A": "The total area under the coaster from start to that point.",
                "B": "How high the coaster is above the ground at that point.",
                "C": "The instantaneous steepness (slope) of the track at that specific spot.",
                "D": "The average speed of the coaster over the whole ride."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        },
        {
            "question": "Why are integration and differentiation considered inverse operations?",
            "options": {
                "A": "Because integrating a function always gives a constant value.",
                "B": "Because differentiating a function undoes integration and vice versa.",
                "C": "Because both operations only work on straight lines.",
                "D": "Because they both find the area under a curve."
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "According to the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, if F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x), which expression gives the area under f(x) from x=a to x=b?",
            "options": {
                "A": "F(a) + F(b)",
                "B": "F(b) - F(a)",
                "C": "F(b) / F(a)",
                "D": "F(a) - F(b)"
            },
            "answer": "B"
        },
        {
            "question": "If a graph shows F(b) tracing above as the upper bound b increases, what does the slope of F at any point b represent?",
            "options": {
                "A": "The accumulated area under f(x) up to b.",
                "B": "The average value of F from a to b.",
                "C": "The value of f(b), the original function, at that point.",
                "D": "The maximum value F attains."
            },
            "answer": "C"
        }
    ]
}