# German BDSG Requirements

German-specific data protection requirements under the Bundesdatenschutzgesetz (BDSG) and state laws.

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## Table of Contents

- [BDSG Overview](#bdsg-overview)
- [DPO Requirements](#dpo-requirements)
- [Employment Data](#employment-data)
- [Video Surveillance](#video-surveillance)
- [Credit Scoring](#credit-scoring)
- [State Data Protection Laws](#state-data-protection-laws)
- [German Supervisory Authorities](#german-supervisory-authorities)

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## BDSG Overview

The Bundesdatenschutzgesetz (BDSG) supplements the GDPR with German-specific provisions under the opening clauses.

### Key BDSG Additions to GDPR

| Topic | BDSG Section | GDPR Opening Clause |
|-------|--------------|---------------------|
| DPO appointment threshold | § 38 | Art. 37(4) |
| Employment data | § 26 | Art. 88 |
| Video surveillance | § 4 | Art. 6(1)(f) |
| Credit scoring | § 31 | Art. 22(2)(b) |
| Consumer credit | § 31 | Art. 22(2)(b) |
| Research processing | §§ 27-28 | Art. 89 |
| Special categories | § 22 | Art. 9(2)(g) |

### BDSG Structure

- **Part 1 (§§ 1-21)**: Common provisions
- **Part 2 (§§ 22-44)**: Implementation of GDPR
- **Part 3 (§§ 45-84)**: Implementation of Law Enforcement Directive
- **Part 4 (§§ 85-91)**: Special provisions

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## DPO Requirements

### Mandatory DPO Appointment (§ 38 BDSG)

A Data Protection Officer must be appointed when:

1. **At least 20 employees** are constantly engaged in automated processing of personal data

2. **Processing requires DPIA** under Art. 35 GDPR (regardless of employee count)

3. **Business purpose involves personal data transfer** or market research (regardless of employee count)

### DPO Qualifications

**Required qualifications:**
- Professional knowledge of data protection law and practices
- Ability to fulfill tasks under Art. 39 GDPR
- No conflict of interest with other duties

**Recommended qualifications:**
- Certification (e.g., TÜV, DEKRA, GDD)
- Legal or IT background
- Understanding of business processes

### DPO Independence (§ 38(2) BDSG)

- Cannot be dismissed for performing DPO duties
- Protection extends 1 year after end of appointment
- Entitled to resources and training
- Reports to highest management level

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## Employment Data

### § 26 BDSG - Processing of Employee Data

**Lawful processing for employment purposes:**

1. **Establishment of employment** (recruitment)
   - CV processing
   - Reference checks
   - Background verification (limited scope)

2. **Performance of employment contract**
   - Payroll processing
   - Working time recording
   - Performance evaluation

3. **Termination of employment**
   - Exit interviews
   - Reference provision
   - Legal claims handling

### Consent in Employment Context

**Special requirements:**
- Consent must be voluntary (difficult in employment relationship)
- Power imbalance must be considered
- Written or electronic form required
- Employee must receive copy

**When consent may be valid:**
- Additional voluntary benefits
- Photo publication (with genuine choice)
- Optional surveys

### Employee Monitoring

**Permitted (with justification):**
- Email/internet monitoring (with policy and proportionality)
- GPS tracking of company vehicles (business use)
- CCTV in certain areas (not changing rooms, toilets)
- Time and attendance systems

**Prohibited:**
- Covert monitoring (except criminal investigation)
- Keystroke logging without notice
- Private communication interception

### Works Council Rights

Under Betriebsverfassungsgesetz (BetrVG):
- Co-determination on technical monitoring systems (§ 87(1) No. 6)
- Information rights on data processing
- Must be consulted before implementation

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## Video Surveillance

### § 4 BDSG - Video Surveillance of Public Areas

**Permitted for:**
1. Public authorities - for their tasks
2. Private entities - for:
   - Protection of property
   - Exercising domiciliary rights
   - Legitimate purposes (documented)

**Requirements:**
- Signage indicating surveillance
- Retention limited to purpose
- Regular review of necessity
- Access limited to authorized personnel

### Technical Requirements

**Signs must include:**
- Fact of surveillance
- Controller identity
- Contact for rights exercise

**Data retention:**
- Delete when no longer necessary
- Typically maximum 72 hours
- Longer retention requires specific justification

### Balancing Test Documentation

Document for each camera:
- Purpose served
- Alternatives considered
- Privacy impact
- Proportionality assessment
- Technical safeguards

---

## Credit Scoring

### § 31 BDSG - Credit Information

**Requirements for scoring:**
- Scientifically recognized mathematical procedure
- Core elements must be explainable
- Not solely based on address data

**Data subject rights:**
- Information about score calculation (general logic)
- Factors that influenced score
- Right to explanation of decision

### Creditworthiness Assessment

**Permitted data sources:**
- Payment history with data subject consent
- Public registers (Schuldnerverzeichnis)
- Credit reference agencies (Auskunfteien)

**Prohibited practices:**
- Social media profile analysis for credit decisions
- Using health data
- Processing special categories for scoring

### Credit Reference Agencies (Auskunfteien)

Major agencies:
- SCHUFA Holding AG
- Creditreform
- infoscore Consumer Data GmbH
- Bürgel

**Data subject rights with agencies:**
- Free self-disclosure once per year
- Correction of inaccurate data
- Deletion after statutory periods

---

## State Data Protection Laws

### Landesdatenschutzgesetze (LDSG)

Each German state has its own data protection law for public bodies:

| State | Law | Supervisory Authority |
|-------|-----|----------------------|
| Baden-Württemberg | LDSG BW | LfDI BW |
| Bayern | BayDSG | BayLDA |
| Berlin | BlnDSG | BlnBDI |
| Brandenburg | BbgDSG | LDA Brandenburg |
| Bremen | BremDSGVOAG | LfDI Bremen |
| Hamburg | HmbDSG | HmbBfDI |
| Hessen | HDSIG | HBDI |
| Mecklenburg-Vorpommern | DSG M-V | LfDI M-V |
| Niedersachsen | NDSG | LfD Niedersachsen |
| Nordrhein-Westfalen | DSG NRW | LDI NRW |
| Rheinland-Pfalz | LDSG RP | LfDI RP |
| Saarland | SDSG | ULD Saarland |
| Sachsen | SächsDSG | SächsDSB |
| Sachsen-Anhalt | DSG LSA | LfD LSA |
| Schleswig-Holstein | LDSG SH | ULD |
| Thüringen | ThürDSG | TLfDI |

### Public vs Private Sector

**Public sector (Länder laws apply):**
- State government agencies
- State universities
- State healthcare facilities
- Municipalities

**Private sector (BDSG applies):**
- Private companies
- Associations
- Private healthcare providers
- Federal public bodies

---

## German Supervisory Authorities

### Federal Level

**BfDI - Bundesbeauftragte für den Datenschutz und die Informationsfreiheit**
- Responsible for federal public bodies
- Responsible for telecommunications and postal services
- Representative in EDPB

### State Level Authorities

**Competence:**
- Private sector entities headquartered in the state
- State public bodies

### Determining Competent Authority

For private sector:
1. Identify main establishment location
2. That state's DPA is lead authority
3. Cross-border processing involves cooperation procedure

### Fines and Enforcement

**BDSG fine provisions (§ 41):**
- Up to €50,000 for certain violations (supplement to GDPR)
- GDPR fines up to €20 million / 4% turnover apply

**German enforcement characteristics:**
- Generally cooperative approach first
- Written warnings common
- Fines increasing since GDPR
- Public naming of violators

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## Compliance Checklist for Germany

### BDSG-Specific Requirements

- [ ] DPO appointed if 20+ employees process personal data
- [ ] DPO registered with supervisory authority
- [ ] Employee data processing documented under § 26
- [ ] Works council consultation completed (if applicable)
- [ ] Video surveillance signage in place
- [ ] Scoring procedures documented (if applicable)

### Documentation Requirements

- [ ] Records of processing activities (German language)
- [ ] Employee data processing policies
- [ ] Video surveillance assessment
- [ ] Works council agreements

### Supervisory Authority Engagement

- [ ] Competent authority identified
- [ ] DPO notification submitted
- [ ] Breach notification procedures in German
- [ ] Response procedures for authority inquiries

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## Key Differences from GDPR-Only Compliance

| Aspect | GDPR | German BDSG Addition |
|--------|------|----------------------|
| DPO threshold | Risk-based | 20+ employees |
| Employment data | Art. 88 opening clause | Detailed § 26 requirements |
| Video surveillance | Legitimate interests | Specific § 4 rules |
| Credit scoring | Art. 22 | Detailed § 31 requirements |
| Works council | Not addressed | Co-determination rights |
| Fines | Art. 83 | Additional § 41 fines |
