diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 9b14396a8..d55e8ef94 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -237,6 +237,8 @@ Most `analyze` knobs are also CLI flags (`--workers`, `--worker-timeout`, `--max
 | `GITNEXUS_WORKER_POOL_SIZE`            | `cores - 1`, capped at 16 | Parse worker pool size. `0` disables the pool (sequential fallback). Equivalent to `--workers <n>`.                                                        | Constrained containers (cgroup CPU limits), CI runners with explicit quotas, or debugging a worker-only crash via `0`.                      |
 | `GITNEXUS_PARSE_CHUNK_CONCURRENCY`     | `2`                       | Number of chunks whose file contents may be read into memory in parallel while the pool dispatches the current chunk. Worker dispatch itself stays serial. | Repos large enough to chunk (multi-MB total source) where disk I/O is a measurable fraction of analyze wall-clock.                          |
 | `GITNEXUS_VERBOSE`                     | unset                     | When `1`, enables verbose ingestion logs (skipped-file warnings, per-chunk throughput, parse-cache stats). Equivalent to `--verbose`.                      | Debugging an analyze that "completed" but seems to have missed files; tuning `--workers` / chunk concurrency against observable throughput. |
+| `GITNEXUS_PROFILE_DEFERRED`            | unset                     | When `1`, emits `[deferred-profile]` timing/progress logs for the post-chunk deferred resolution band (imports → heritage → buildHeritageMap → legacy call resolution). Implied by `GITNEXUS_VERBOSE`. | Diagnosing analyze stalls in "Resolving calls (all chunks)" on large Java/Kotlin repos (issue #1741) without the full verbose ingestion noise. |
+| `GITNEXUS_PROFILE_DEFERRED_SLOW_MS`    | `3000` (verbose) / `5000` | Per-file threshold in ms above which `processCallsFromExtracted` emits a `slow file …` log line. Parsed via `Number()`: accepts integers (`5000`), scientific notation (`2.5e3`), decimals (`.5`), and hex (`0x10`). Non-finite or non-positive values fall back to the default. | Hunting a few outlier files dominating the deferred call-resolution stage; lower to surface more, raise to focus only on the worst.          |
 | `GITNEXUS_MAX_FILE_SIZE`               | `512` (KB)                | Walker skip threshold in KB. Hard cap is `32768` (tree-sitter buffer ceiling). Equivalent to `--max-file-size <kb>`.                                       | Indexing repos with intentionally-large source files (generated parsers, vendored bundles) that should still be parsed.                     |
 | `GITNEXUS_WORKER_SUB_BATCH_TIMEOUT_MS` | `30000`                   | Worker idle timeout in milliseconds before retry/fallback. Equivalent to `--worker-timeout <seconds>` × 1000.                                              | Slow-parsing files (large minified JS, deeply-nested TS types) that legitimately need more than 30s.                                        |
 | `GITNEXUS_WORKER_SUB_BATCH_MAX_BYTES`  | `8388608` (8 MB)          | Per-job byte budget the pool will send to a worker in one `postMessage`.                                                                                   | Very large individual files; mostly diagnostic — bumping past 8 MB risks structured-clone memory pressure.                                  |
diff --git a/gitnexus/src/cli/analyze.ts b/gitnexus/src/cli/analyze.ts
index 29253f969..55995b76b 100644
--- a/gitnexus/src/cli/analyze.ts
+++ b/gitnexus/src/cli/analyze.ts
@@ -473,6 +473,8 @@ async function ensureHeap(): Promise<boolean> {
  */
 const ANALYZE_CLI_ENV_KEYS = [
   'GITNEXUS_VERBOSE',
+  'GITNEXUS_PROFILE_DEFERRED',
+  'GITNEXUS_PROFILE_DEFERRED_SLOW_MS',
   'GITNEXUS_MAX_FILE_SIZE',
   'GITNEXUS_WORKER_SUB_BATCH_TIMEOUT_MS',
   'GITNEXUS_EMBEDDING_THREADS',
diff --git a/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/call-extractors/configs/c-cpp.ts b/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/call-extractors/configs/c-cpp.ts
index 02a6ed60f..7e7d4d852 100644
--- a/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/call-extractors/configs/c-cpp.ts
+++ b/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/call-extractors/configs/c-cpp.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 import { SupportedLanguages } from 'gitnexus-shared';
 import type { CallExtractionConfig } from '../../call-types.js';
+import type { SyntaxNode } from '../../utils/ast-helpers.js';
 
 export const cCallConfig: CallExtractionConfig = {
   language: SupportedLanguages.C,
@@ -9,4 +10,168 @@ export const cCallConfig: CallExtractionConfig = {
 
 export const cppCallConfig: CallExtractionConfig = {
   language: SupportedLanguages.CPlusPlus,
+  extractLanguageCallSite(callNode) {
+    return extractCppOperatorCallSite(callNode);
+  },
 };
+
+function extractCppOperatorCallSite(callNode: SyntaxNode) {
+  if (callNode.type !== 'binary_expression') return null;
+  if (isPrimitiveOnlyBinaryOperatorCall(callNode)) return null;
+
+  const operator = callNode.childForFieldName('operator')?.text.trim();
+  // Keep the legacy DAG conservative: only simple identifier operands are
+  // modeled here. Complex expressions stay unresolved instead of guessed.
+  if (operator === '+') {
+    const left = callNode.childForFieldName('left');
+    const right = callNode.childForFieldName('right');
+    if (left?.type !== 'identifier' || right?.type !== 'identifier') return null;
+    return {
+      calledName: 'operator+',
+      callForm: 'member' as const,
+      receiverName: left.text,
+      argCount: 1,
+    };
+  }
+
+  if (operator === '<<') {
+    const right = callNode.childForFieldName('right');
+    if (right?.type !== 'identifier') return null;
+    return {
+      calledName: 'operator<<',
+      callForm: 'free' as const,
+      argCount: 2,
+    };
+  }
+
+  return null;
+}
+
+function isPrimitiveOnlyBinaryOperatorCall(callNode: SyntaxNode): boolean {
+  const left = callNode.childForFieldName('left');
+  const right = callNode.childForFieldName('right');
+  if (left === null || right === null) return false;
+  return isBuiltinOperatorOperand(left) && isBuiltinOperatorOperand(right);
+}
+
+function isBuiltinOperatorOperand(node: SyntaxNode): boolean {
+  return isBuiltinOperatorType(inferCppOperatorOperandType(node));
+}
+
+function inferCppOperatorOperandType(node: SyntaxNode): string {
+  const literalType = inferCppLiteralType(node);
+  if (literalType !== '') return literalType;
+  if (node.type === 'identifier') return lookupCppIdentifierType(node);
+  return '';
+}
+
+function inferCppLiteralType(node: SyntaxNode): string {
+  if (node.type === 'number_literal') return node.text.includes('.') ? 'double' : 'int';
+  if (node.type === 'char_literal') return 'char';
+  if (node.type === 'true' || node.type === 'false') return 'bool';
+  return '';
+}
+
+function lookupCppIdentifierType(identNode: SyntaxNode): string {
+  const varName = identNode.text;
+  let scope: SyntaxNode | null = identNode.parent;
+  while (
+    scope !== null &&
+    scope.type !== 'compound_statement' &&
+    scope.type !== 'translation_unit'
+  ) {
+    scope = scope.parent;
+  }
+  if (scope === null) return '';
+
+  const parameterType = lookupCppFunctionParameterType(scope, varName);
+  if (parameterType !== '') return parameterType;
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < scope.childCount; i++) {
+    const stmt = scope.child(i);
+    if (stmt === null || stmt.type !== 'declaration') continue;
+    const typeNode = stmt.childForFieldName('type');
+    const declarator = stmt.childForFieldName('declarator');
+    if (typeNode === null || declarator === null) continue;
+    if (extractDeclaratorLeafName(declarator) === varName)
+      return normalizeCppTypeText(typeNode.text);
+  }
+  return '';
+}
+
+function lookupCppFunctionParameterType(scope: SyntaxNode, varName: string): string {
+  let node: SyntaxNode | null = scope.parent;
+  while (node !== null) {
+    if (node.type === 'function_definition' || node.type === 'function_declarator') {
+      const fnDecl =
+        node.type === 'function_declarator'
+          ? node
+          : findFirstDescendantOfType(node, 'function_declarator');
+      const params = fnDecl?.childForFieldName('parameters') ?? null;
+      if (params === null) return '';
+      for (let i = 0; i < params.namedChildCount; i++) {
+        const param = params.namedChild(i);
+        if (param === null || param.type !== 'parameter_declaration') continue;
+        const declarator = param.childForFieldName('declarator');
+        const typeNode = param.childForFieldName('type');
+        if (
+          declarator !== null &&
+          typeNode !== null &&
+          extractDeclaratorLeafName(declarator) === varName
+        ) {
+          return normalizeCppTypeText(typeNode.text);
+        }
+      }
+      return '';
+    }
+    node = node.parent;
+  }
+  return '';
+}
+
+function findFirstDescendantOfType(node: SyntaxNode, type: string): SyntaxNode | null {
+  if (node.type === type) return node;
+  for (let i = 0; i < node.namedChildCount; i++) {
+    const found = findFirstDescendantOfType(node.namedChild(i)!, type);
+    if (found !== null) return found;
+  }
+  return null;
+}
+
+function extractDeclaratorLeafName(node: SyntaxNode): string {
+  if (
+    node.type === 'identifier' ||
+    node.type === 'field_identifier' ||
+    node.type === 'operator_name'
+  ) {
+    return node.text;
+  }
+
+  const named = node.namedChildren;
+  for (let i = named.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    const name = extractDeclaratorLeafName(named[i]!);
+    if (name !== '') return name;
+  }
+  return '';
+}
+
+function normalizeCppTypeText(text: string): string {
+  return text
+    .replace(/\b(const|volatile|static|extern|register|mutable|inline|constexpr)\b/g, ' ')
+    .replace(/\s+/g, ' ')
+    .trim();
+}
+
+function isBuiltinOperatorType(type: string): boolean {
+  return (
+    type === 'bool' ||
+    type === 'char' ||
+    type === 'double' ||
+    type === 'float' ||
+    type === 'int' ||
+    type === 'long' ||
+    type === 'short' ||
+    type === 'signed' ||
+    type === 'unsigned'
+  );
+}
diff --git a/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/call-processor.ts b/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/call-processor.ts
index 1b5a234b4..0ab961a7a 100644
--- a/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/call-processor.ts
+++ b/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/call-processor.ts
@@ -39,6 +39,16 @@ import { generateId } from '../../lib/utils.js';
 import { getLanguageFromFilename, SupportedLanguages } from 'gitnexus-shared';
 import { isRegistryPrimary } from './registry-primary-flag.js';
 import { isVerboseIngestionEnabled } from './utils/verbose.js';
+import {
+  deferredCallFileSlowMs,
+  deferredCallLogEveryN,
+  getDeferredProfileDroppedCount,
+  isDeferredResolutionProfileEnabled,
+  logDeferredProfile,
+  profileElapsedMs,
+  resetDeferredProfileDroppedCount,
+  startTimer,
+} from './utils/deferred-resolution-profile.js';
 import { yieldToEventLoop } from './utils/event-loop.js';
 import { parseSourceSafe } from '../tree-sitter/safe-parse.js';
 import {
@@ -2909,6 +2919,39 @@ export const processCallsFromExtracted = async (
   }
   const totalFiles = byFile.size;
   let filesProcessed = 0;
+  // Counts only files that survived the registry-primary skip — what the user
+  // is actually waiting on. Keyed by this counter, the first per-file progress
+  // log fires on the first *resolved* file rather than file #1 of byFile,
+  // which would silently land inside the skip block on mixed Python+JVM repos
+  // where the skipped language sorts first.
+  let resolvedFiles = 0;
+  const profileCalls = isDeferredResolutionProfileEnabled();
+  const slowFileMs = profileCalls ? deferredCallFileSlowMs() : 0;
+  const logEveryN = profileCalls ? deferredCallLogEveryN() : 0;
+  let skippedRegistryPrimaryFiles = 0;
+
+  // Fresh dropped-log counter per analyze run — the module-private counter
+  // in deferred-resolution-profile.ts is process-lived, so without a reset
+  // here it would accumulate across consecutive analyze invocations in the
+  // same Node process (e.g., the MCP server, eval harness, integration
+  // tests).
+  if (profileCalls) resetDeferredProfileDroppedCount();
+
+  // One-pass pre-count of the eventual non-skipped total so the live progress
+  // denominator stays stable as the loop iterates. Otherwise `${totalFiles -
+  // skippedRegistryPrimaryFiles}` drifts upward — files iterated before later
+  // registry-primary skips have been seen carry an inflated denominator, and
+  // the ratio only self-corrects after every file has been classified. Pre-
+  // count runs only on the enabled path so the disabled path stays free of
+  // the extra Map iteration. Defaults to 0 on the disabled path; the live log
+  // gate is also disabled there, so the value is never read.
+  let resolvedTotal = 0;
+  if (profileCalls) {
+    for (const filePath of byFile.keys()) {
+      const lang = getLanguageFromFilename(filePath);
+      if (!lang || !isRegistryPrimary(lang)) resolvedTotal++;
+    }
+  }
 
   for (const [filePath, calls] of byFile) {
     filesProcessed++;
@@ -2920,7 +2963,19 @@ export const processCallsFromExtracted = async (
     // Registry-primary gate: skip Python (etc.) entirely when the
     // scope-based phase owns CALLS for this language.
     const fileLanguage = getLanguageFromFilename(filePath);
-    if (fileLanguage && isRegistryPrimary(fileLanguage)) continue;
+    if (fileLanguage && isRegistryPrimary(fileLanguage)) {
+      skippedRegistryPrimaryFiles++;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    resolvedFiles++;
+    const tFile = startTimer(profileCalls);
+
+    if (profileCalls && (resolvedFiles === 1 || resolvedFiles % logEveryN === 0)) {
+      logDeferredProfile(
+        `calls ${resolvedFiles}/${resolvedTotal} file=${filePath} sites=${calls.length}`,
+      );
+    }
 
     ctx.enableCache(filePath);
     const widenCache: WidenCache = new Map();
@@ -3079,6 +3134,25 @@ export const processCallsFromExtracted = async (
     }
 
     ctx.clearCache();
+
+    if (tFile !== null) {
+      const elapsed = profileElapsedMs(tFile);
+      if (elapsed >= slowFileMs) {
+        logDeferredProfile(
+          `slow file ${elapsed.toFixed(0)}ms path=${filePath} calls=${calls.length} lang=${fileLanguage ?? 'unknown'}`,
+        );
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (profileCalls) {
+    logDeferredProfile(
+      `processCallsFromExtracted done: ${totalFiles} files, ${extractedCalls.length} call sites, skipped registry-primary files=${skippedRegistryPrimaryFiles}`,
+    );
+    const droppedCount = getDeferredProfileDroppedCount();
+    if (droppedCount > 0) {
+      logDeferredProfile(`note: ${droppedCount} profile log lines dropped (logger errors)`);
+    }
   }
 
   onProgress?.(totalFiles, totalFiles);
diff --git a/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/languages/c-cpp.ts b/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/languages/c-cpp.ts
index 453baca20..874c98b89 100644
--- a/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/languages/c-cpp.ts
+++ b/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/languages/c-cpp.ts
@@ -231,6 +231,7 @@ const cCppExtractFunctionName = (
           c?.type === 'qualified_identifier' ||
           c?.type === 'identifier' ||
           c?.type === 'field_identifier' ||
+          c?.type === 'operator_name' ||
           c?.type === 'parenthesized_declarator'
         ) {
           innerDeclarator = c;
@@ -244,7 +245,7 @@ const cCppExtractFunctionName = (
       if (!nameNode) {
         for (let i = 0; i < innerDeclarator.childCount; i++) {
           const c = innerDeclarator.child(i);
-          if (c?.type === 'identifier') {
+          if (c?.type === 'identifier' || c?.type === 'operator_name') {
             nameNode = c;
             break;
           }
@@ -256,7 +257,8 @@ const cCppExtractFunctionName = (
       }
     } else if (
       innerDeclarator?.type === 'identifier' ||
-      innerDeclarator?.type === 'field_identifier'
+      innerDeclarator?.type === 'field_identifier' ||
+      innerDeclarator?.type === 'operator_name'
     ) {
       // field_identifier is used for method names inside C++ class bodies
       funcName = innerDeclarator.text;
@@ -275,7 +277,7 @@ const cCppExtractFunctionName = (
         if (!nameNode) {
           for (let i = 0; i < nestedId.childCount; i++) {
             const c = nestedId.child(i);
-            if (c?.type === 'identifier') {
+            if (c?.type === 'identifier' || c?.type === 'operator_name') {
               nameNode = c;
               break;
             }
diff --git a/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/languages/cpp/captures.ts b/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/languages/cpp/captures.ts
index 4e4cb4dcf..de8cd058e 100644
--- a/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/languages/cpp/captures.ts
+++ b/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/languages/cpp/captures.ts
@@ -182,17 +182,41 @@ export function emitCppScopeCaptures(
       grouped['@reference.call.free'] ??
       grouped['@reference.call.member'] ??
       grouped['@reference.call.qualified'];
+    const operatorAnchor = grouped['@reference.operator'];
+    if (operatorAnchor !== undefined) {
+      const operatorNode =
+        callAnchor !== undefined
+          ? findNodeAtRange(tree.rootNode, callAnchor.range, 'binary_expression')
+          : null;
+      if (operatorNode !== null && isPrimitiveOnlyBinaryOperator(operatorNode)) continue;
+    }
     if (callAnchor !== undefined && grouped['@reference.arity'] === undefined) {
-      const callNode = findNodeAtRange(tree.rootNode, callAnchor.range, 'call_expression');
-      if (callNode !== null) {
+      const callNode =
+        findNodeAtRange(tree.rootNode, callAnchor.range, 'call_expression') ??
+        findNodeAtRange(tree.rootNode, callAnchor.range, 'binary_expression');
+      if (callNode?.type === 'call_expression') {
         grouped['@reference.arity'] = syntheticCapture(
           '@reference.arity',
           callNode,
           String(computeCppCallArity(callNode)),
         );
+      } else if (callNode?.type === 'binary_expression') {
+        grouped['@reference.arity'] = syntheticCapture(
+          '@reference.arity',
+          callNode,
+          grouped['@reference.call.member'] !== undefined ? '1' : '2',
+        );
       }
     }
 
+    if (operatorAnchor !== undefined && grouped['@reference.name'] === undefined) {
+      grouped['@reference.name'] = syntheticCapture(
+        '@reference.name',
+        findNodeAtRange(tree.rootNode, operatorAnchor.range, operatorAnchor.text) ?? tree.rootNode,
+        `operator${operatorAnchor.text}`,
+      );
+    }
+
     // ── Enrich constructor calls (new Foo()) with arity ─────────────
     const ctorCallAnchor = grouped['@reference.call.constructor'];
     if (ctorCallAnchor !== undefined && grouped['@reference.arity'] === undefined) {
@@ -211,9 +235,13 @@ export function emitCppScopeCaptures(
     if (anyCallAnchor !== undefined && grouped['@reference.parameter-types'] === undefined) {
       const cNode =
         findNodeAtRange(tree.rootNode, anyCallAnchor.range, 'call_expression') ??
-        findNodeAtRange(tree.rootNode, anyCallAnchor.range, 'new_expression');
+        findNodeAtRange(tree.rootNode, anyCallAnchor.range, 'new_expression') ??
+        findNodeAtRange(tree.rootNode, anyCallAnchor.range, 'binary_expression');
       if (cNode !== null) {
-        const argTypes = inferCppCallArgTypes(cNode);
+        const argTypes =
+          cNode.type === 'binary_expression'
+            ? inferCppBinaryOperatorArgTypes(cNode, grouped['@reference.call.free'] !== undefined)
+            : inferCppCallArgTypes(cNode);
         if (argTypes !== undefined && argTypes.length > 0) {
           grouped['@reference.parameter-types'] = syntheticCapture(
             '@reference.parameter-types',
@@ -221,7 +249,13 @@ export function emitCppScopeCaptures(
             JSON.stringify(argTypes),
           );
         }
-        const argTypeClasses = inferCppCallArgTypeClasses(cNode);
+        const argTypeClasses =
+          cNode.type === 'binary_expression'
+            ? inferCppBinaryOperatorArgTypeClasses(
+                cNode,
+                grouped['@reference.call.free'] !== undefined,
+              )
+            : inferCppCallArgTypeClasses(cNode);
         if (argTypeClasses !== undefined && argTypeClasses.length > 0) {
           grouped['@reference.parameter-type-classes'] = syntheticCapture(
             '@reference.parameter-type-classes',
@@ -716,6 +750,69 @@ function inferCppCallArgTypeClasses(node: SyntaxNode): ParameterTypeClass[] | un
   return classes.length > 0 ? classes : undefined;
 }
 
+function inferCppBinaryOperatorArgTypes(
+  node: SyntaxNode,
+  includeLeftOperand: boolean,
+): string[] | undefined {
+  const operands = binaryOperatorOperands(node, includeLeftOperand);
+  if (operands.length === 0) return undefined;
+  const types = operands.map(inferCppExpressionType);
+  return types.length > 0 ? types : undefined;
+}
+
+function inferCppBinaryOperatorArgTypeClasses(
+  node: SyntaxNode,
+  includeLeftOperand: boolean,
+): ParameterTypeClass[] | undefined {
+  const operands = binaryOperatorOperands(node, includeLeftOperand);
+  if (operands.length === 0) return undefined;
+  const classes = operands.map(inferCppExpressionTypeClass);
+  return classes.length > 0 ? classes : undefined;
+}
+
+function binaryOperatorOperands(node: SyntaxNode, includeLeftOperand: boolean): SyntaxNode[] {
+  const operands: SyntaxNode[] = [];
+  const left = node.childForFieldName('left');
+  const right = node.childForFieldName('right');
+  if (includeLeftOperand && left !== null) operands.push(left);
+  if (right !== null) operands.push(right);
+  return operands;
+}
+
+function isPrimitiveOnlyBinaryOperator(node: SyntaxNode): boolean {
+  const operands = binaryOperatorOperands(node, true);
+  return operands.length > 0 && operands.every((operand) => isBuiltinOperatorType(operand));
+}
+
+function isBuiltinOperatorType(node: SyntaxNode): boolean {
+  const type = inferCppExpressionType(node);
+  return (
+    type === 'bool' ||
+    type === 'char' ||
+    type === 'double' ||
+    type === 'float' ||
+    type === 'int' ||
+    type === 'long' ||
+    type === 'short' ||
+    type === 'signed' ||
+    type === 'unsigned'
+  );
+}
+
+function inferCppExpressionType(node: SyntaxNode): string {
+  const litType = inferCppLiteralType(node);
+  if (litType !== '') return litType;
+  if (node.type === 'identifier') return lookupDeclaredTypeForIdentifier(node);
+  return '';
+}
+
+function inferCppExpressionTypeClass(node: SyntaxNode): ParameterTypeClass {
+  const litType = inferCppLiteralType(node);
+  if (litType !== '') return valueTypeClass(litType);
+  if (node.type === 'identifier') return lookupDeclaredTypeClassForIdentifier(node);
+  return unknownTypeClass('unknown');
+}
+
 function valueTypeClass(base: string): ParameterTypeClass {
   return { base, cv: 'none', indirection: 'value', pointerDepth: 0 };
 }
diff --git a/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/languages/cpp/query.ts b/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/languages/cpp/query.ts
index 70d544e3d..d42b586ce 100644
--- a/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/languages/cpp/query.ts
+++ b/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/languages/cpp/query.ts
@@ -98,6 +98,12 @@ const CPP_SCOPE_QUERY = `
     declarator: (qualified_identifier
       name: (identifier) @declaration.name))) @declaration.method
 
+;; Out-of-class operator method: Point::operator+(...)
+(function_definition
+  declarator: (function_declarator
+    declarator: (qualified_identifier
+      name: (operator_name) @declaration.name))) @declaration.method
+
 ;; ─── Declarations — out-of-class method with pointer return ─────────
 (function_definition
   declarator: (pointer_declarator
@@ -130,6 +136,11 @@ const CPP_SCOPE_QUERY = `
   declarator: (function_declarator
     declarator: (field_identifier) @declaration.name)) @declaration.method
 
+;; Inline operator method in class body: Point operator+(Point) const { ... }
+(function_definition
+  declarator: (function_declarator
+    declarator: (operator_name) @declaration.name)) @declaration.method
+
 ;; ─── Declarations — inline method with pointer return (field_identifier) ──
 ;; Covers: User* lookup(int id) { ... } inside a class body
 ;; AST: function_definition > pointer_declarator > function_declarator > field_identifier
@@ -145,17 +156,49 @@ const CPP_SCOPE_QUERY = `
     (function_declarator
       declarator: (field_identifier) @declaration.name))) @declaration.method
 
+;; Inline operator method with reference return: Point& operator+=(Point) { ... }
+(field_declaration_list
+  (function_definition
+    declarator: (reference_declarator
+      (function_declarator
+        declarator: (operator_name) @declaration.name))) @declaration.method)
+
+;; Free operator definition with reference return: std::ostream& operator<<(...) { ... }
+(translation_unit
+  (function_definition
+    declarator: (reference_declarator
+      (function_declarator
+        declarator: (operator_name) @declaration.name))) @declaration.function)
+
+(namespace_definition
+  body: (declaration_list
+    (function_definition
+      declarator: (reference_declarator
+        (function_declarator
+          declarator: (operator_name) @declaration.name))) @declaration.function))
+
 ;; ─── Declarations — function prototype (forward declaration) ────────
 (declaration
   declarator: (function_declarator
     declarator: (identifier) @declaration.name)) @declaration.function
 
+;; Free operator prototype: std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, T)
+(declaration
+  declarator: (function_declarator
+    declarator: (operator_name) @declaration.name)) @declaration.function
+
 ;; ─── Declarations — function prototype with pointer return ──────────
 (declaration
   declarator: (pointer_declarator
     declarator: (function_declarator
       declarator: (identifier) @declaration.name))) @declaration.function
 
+;; Free operator prototype with reference return.
+(declaration
+  declarator: (reference_declarator
+    (function_declarator
+      declarator: (operator_name) @declaration.name))) @declaration.function
+
 ;; ─── Declarations — typedef ─────────────────────────────────────────
 (type_definition
   declarator: (type_identifier) @declaration.name) @declaration.typedef
@@ -171,6 +214,11 @@ const CPP_SCOPE_QUERY = `
   declarator: (function_declarator
     declarator: (field_identifier) @declaration.name)) @declaration.method
 
+;; Operator method prototype in class body: Point operator+(Point) const;
+(field_declaration
+  declarator: (function_declarator
+    declarator: (operator_name) @declaration.name)) @declaration.method
+
 ;; Method prototype with pointer return: User* lookup(int id);
 (field_declaration
   declarator: (pointer_declarator
@@ -183,6 +231,11 @@ const CPP_SCOPE_QUERY = `
     (function_declarator
       declarator: (field_identifier) @declaration.name))) @declaration.method
 
+(field_declaration
+  declarator: (reference_declarator
+    (function_declarator
+      declarator: (operator_name) @declaration.name))) @declaration.method
+
 ;; ─── Declarations — fields ──────────────────────────────────────────
 (field_declaration
   declarator: (field_identifier) @declaration.name) @declaration.field
@@ -473,6 +526,22 @@ const CPP_SCOPE_QUERY = `
     argument: (_) @reference.receiver
     field: (field_identifier) @reference.name)) @reference.call.member
 
+;; Conservative operator-call support (#1636): model a + b as a
+;; member-style operator+ lookup, and lhs << rhs as a free
+;; operator<< lookup. Free operator+(T,T), member operator<<, and
+;; complex operand expressions remain false negatives for now.
+;; Built-in operators remain unresolved because no user-defined
+;; operator target exists.
+(binary_expression
+  left: (_) @reference.receiver
+  operator: "+" @reference.operator
+  right: (_)) @reference.call.member
+
+(binary_expression
+  left: (_)
+  operator: "<<" @reference.operator
+  right: (_)) @reference.call.free
+
 ;; ─── References — template calls (func<T>()) ────────────────────────
 (call_expression
   function: (template_function
diff --git a/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/languages/kotlin/scope-resolver.ts b/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/languages/kotlin/scope-resolver.ts
index 5f69a2713..591e79bfc 100644
--- a/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/languages/kotlin/scope-resolver.ts
+++ b/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/languages/kotlin/scope-resolver.ts
@@ -20,14 +20,26 @@ import {
  * Kotlin is intentionally registered but not yet listed in
  * `MIGRATED_LANGUAGES`, matching the Java migration pattern from #1482:
  * the resolver can run in shadow/forced mode, while production default
- * stays on the legacy DAG until registry-primary parity reaches the
- * RFC threshold. Forced mode currently passes 154/175 fixtures (88%),
- * including core import, receiver, companion, default-param, vararg,
- * constructor, local assignment-chain, and collection-iteration fixtures.
- * Remaining gaps are advanced TypeEnv behaviors such as smart casts,
- * cross-file iterable return propagation, method-chain fixpoint cases,
- * overload target-id selection, virtual dispatch, and interface default
- * method dispatch.
+ * stays on the legacy DAG until the RFC flip criteria in #1746 are met.
+ *
+ * **Forced-mode parity (`REGISTRY_PRIMARY_KOTLIN=1`):** 175/175 fixtures
+ * after the migration sub-issues #1758–#1763 closed. Covers core
+ * import, receiver, companion, default-param, vararg, constructor,
+ * local assignment-chain, collection-iteration, smart casts
+ * (`when (x) { is T -> … }` and `if (x is T)` — #1758), cross-file
+ * iterable return propagation (#1759), single-level method-chain
+ * fixpoint receiver types (#1760), parameter-type-narrowed overload
+ * target-id selection (#1761), virtual dispatch via constructor RHS
+ * (`val x: Animal = Dog()` — #1762), and interface default-method
+ * dispatch via implements-split MRO (#1763).
+ *
+ * **Remaining pre-flip blockers (#1746):** #1755 (forced-mode preview
+ * CI workflow — obviated once Kotlin lands in `MIGRATED_LANGUAGES`
+ * because the existing scope-parity matrix auto-discovers it), #1756
+ * (companion vs instance member dispatch), and #1757 (lambda scopes
+ * and lambda-parameter bindings). The flip PR adds
+ * `SupportedLanguages.Kotlin` to `MIGRATED_LANGUAGES` after the named
+ * blockers close.
  */
 export const kotlinScopeResolver: ScopeResolver = {
   language: SupportedLanguages.Kotlin,
diff --git a/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/model/heritage-map.ts b/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/model/heritage-map.ts
index ae89022b4..4cee244e3 100644
--- a/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/model/heritage-map.ts
+++ b/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/model/heritage-map.ts
@@ -15,6 +15,10 @@
 
 import type { ResolutionContext } from './resolution-context.js';
 import { getLanguageFromFilename, type SupportedLanguages } from 'gitnexus-shared';
+import {
+  isDeferredResolutionProfileEnabled,
+  logDeferredProfile,
+} from '../utils/deferred-resolution-profile.js';
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // ExtractedHeritage — the shape produced by the parse worker / heritage
@@ -176,11 +180,35 @@ export const buildHeritageMap = (
   // interfaceName → Set<filePath>  (implementor lookup for interface dispatch)
   const implementorFiles = new Map<string, Set<string>>();
 
+  const profileHeritage = isDeferredResolutionProfileEnabled();
+  let maxNameCartesian = 0;
+  let ambiguousHeritageRecords = 0;
+  let unresolvedChildLookups = 0;
+  let unresolvedParentLookups = 0;
+
   for (const h of heritage) {
     // ── Parent lookup (nodeId-based) ────────────────────────────────
     const childDefs = ctx.model.types.lookupClassByName(h.className);
     const parentDefs = ctx.model.types.lookupClassByName(h.parentName);
 
+    // Unresolved-side counters live in a separate guard so they observe
+    // records the ambiguity block below skips. On JVM monorepos the
+    // pathological fan-out case is precisely "many same-named children
+    // with an unresolved external supertype" (or the inverse) — both
+    // sides non-empty is the case `ambiguousHeritageRecords` already
+    // covers; the unresolved cases were silently dropped from the
+    // metric before this counter.
+    if (profileHeritage) {
+      if (childDefs.length === 0) unresolvedChildLookups++;
+      if (parentDefs.length === 0) unresolvedParentLookups++;
+    }
+
+    if (profileHeritage && childDefs.length > 0 && parentDefs.length > 0) {
+      const product = childDefs.length * parentDefs.length;
+      if (product > 1) ambiguousHeritageRecords++;
+      if (product > maxNameCartesian) maxNameCartesian = product;
+    }
+
     if (childDefs.length > 0 && parentDefs.length > 0) {
       for (const child of childDefs) {
         for (const parent of parentDefs) {
@@ -368,6 +396,17 @@ export const buildHeritageMap = (
     return implementorFiles.get(interfaceName) ?? EMPTY_SET;
   };
 
+  if (profileHeritage) {
+    logDeferredProfile(
+      `buildHeritageMap: ${heritage.length} heritage records, ` +
+        `${ambiguousHeritageRecords} with child×parent lookup product >1, ` +
+        `max product ${maxNameCartesian}, ` +
+        `${unresolvedChildLookups} unresolved child lookups, ` +
+        `${unresolvedParentLookups} unresolved parent lookups, ` +
+        `${implementorFiles.size} interface implementor keys`,
+    );
+  }
+
   return {
     getParents,
     getAncestors,
diff --git a/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/pipeline-phases/parse-impl.ts b/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/pipeline-phases/parse-impl.ts
index 10e4557d2..bf954b5cf 100644
--- a/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/pipeline-phases/parse-impl.ts
+++ b/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/pipeline-phases/parse-impl.ts
@@ -71,6 +71,12 @@ import { fileURLToPath, pathToFileURL } from 'node:url';
 
 import { isDev } from '../utils/env.js';
 import { isVerboseIngestionEnabled } from '../utils/verbose.js';
+import {
+  endTimer,
+  isDeferredResolutionProfileEnabled,
+  logDeferredProfile,
+  startTimer,
+} from '../utils/deferred-resolution-profile.js';
 import { synthesizeWildcardImportBindings, needsSynthesis } from './wildcard-synthesis.js';
 import { extractORMQueriesInline } from './orm-extraction.js';
 
@@ -698,7 +704,15 @@ export async function runChunkedParseAndResolve(
     //   heritage: 75 -> 80 (5)
     //   routes:   80 -> 85 (5)
     //   calls:    85 -> 95 (10)
+    const deferredProfile = isDeferredResolutionProfileEnabled();
+    if (deferredProfile) {
+      logDeferredProfile(
+        `deferred band start: imports=${deferredWorkerImports.length} heritage=${deferredWorkerHeritage.length} ` +
+          `calls=${deferredWorkerCalls.length} routes=${allExtractedRoutes.length}`,
+      );
+    }
     if (deferredWorkerImports.length > 0) {
+      const tImports = startTimer(deferredProfile);
       await processImportsFromExtracted(
         graph,
         allPathObjects,
@@ -721,6 +735,11 @@ export async function runChunkedParseAndResolve(
         repoPath,
         importCtx,
       );
+      endTimer(
+        tImports,
+        (ms) =>
+          `processImportsFromExtracted: ${ms.toFixed(0)}ms (${deferredWorkerImports.length} import batches before drain)`,
+      );
       // U15 (lightweight M1): processImportsFromExtracted is the sole
       // consumer of `deferredWorkerImports`. Free the array now so the
       // GC can reclaim the per-file ExtractedImport records before the
@@ -732,8 +751,10 @@ export async function runChunkedParseAndResolve(
       deferredWorkerImports.length = 0;
     }
     if (anyChunkNeedsWildcardSynth) {
+      const tWildcard = startTimer(deferredProfile);
       synthesizeWildcardImportBindings(graph, ctx);
       hasSynthesized = true;
+      endTimer(tWildcard, (ms) => `synthesizeWildcardImportBindings: ${ms.toFixed(0)}ms`);
     }
     // L5 from PR #1693 review: populate `exportedTypeMap` from the in-progress
     // graph BEFORE `seedCrossFileReceiverTypes` runs. Previously the seeding
@@ -754,11 +775,22 @@ export async function runChunkedParseAndResolve(
         ctx.namedImportMap,
         exportedTypeMap,
       );
-      if (isDev && enrichedCount > 0) {
-        logger.info(`🔗 E1: Seeded ${enrichedCount} cross-file receiver types (all chunks)`);
+      if (enrichedCount > 0) {
+        // Two independent gates, not else-if: when both isDev AND
+        // deferredProfile are active, BOTH lines fire — log scrapers keyed
+        // on the original "🔗 E1" emoji marker keep matching, AND operators
+        // grepping the [deferred-profile] prefix see no gap between the
+        // wildcard-synth and heritage timings.
+        if (isDev) {
+          logger.info(`🔗 E1: Seeded ${enrichedCount} cross-file receiver types (all chunks)`);
+        }
+        if (deferredProfile) {
+          logDeferredProfile(`E1: seeded ${enrichedCount} cross-file receiver types (all chunks)`);
+        }
       }
     }
     if (deferredWorkerHeritage.length > 0) {
+      const tHeritage = startTimer(deferredProfile);
       await processHeritageFromExtracted(graph, deferredWorkerHeritage, ctx, (current, total) => {
         const ratio = total > 0 ? current / total : 1;
         onProgress({
@@ -773,8 +805,14 @@ export async function runChunkedParseAndResolve(
           },
         });
       });
+      endTimer(
+        tHeritage,
+        (ms) =>
+          `processHeritageFromExtracted: ${ms.toFixed(0)}ms (${deferredWorkerHeritage.length} records)`,
+      );
     }
     if (allExtractedRoutes.length > 0) {
+      const tRoutes = startTimer(deferredProfile);
       await processRoutesFromExtracted(graph, allExtractedRoutes, ctx, (current, total) => {
         const ratio = total > 0 ? current / total : 1;
         onProgress({
@@ -789,12 +827,25 @@ export async function runChunkedParseAndResolve(
           },
         });
       });
+      endTimer(
+        tRoutes,
+        (ms) =>
+          `processRoutesFromExtracted: ${ms.toFixed(0)}ms (${allExtractedRoutes.length} routes)`,
+      );
     }
 
-    const fullWorkerHeritageMap =
-      deferredWorkerHeritage.length > 0
-        ? buildHeritageMap(deferredWorkerHeritage, ctx, getHeritageStrategyForLanguage)
-        : undefined;
+    let fullWorkerHeritageMap: ReturnType<typeof buildHeritageMap> | undefined;
+    if (deferredWorkerHeritage.length > 0) {
+      const tBuildHeritage = startTimer(deferredProfile);
+      fullWorkerHeritageMap = buildHeritageMap(
+        deferredWorkerHeritage,
+        ctx,
+        getHeritageStrategyForLanguage,
+      );
+      endTimer(tBuildHeritage, (ms) => `buildHeritageMap wall: ${ms.toFixed(0)}ms`);
+    } else if (deferredProfile) {
+      logDeferredProfile('buildHeritageMap: skipped (no heritage records)');
+    }
     // U15 (lightweight M1): buildHeritageMap is the LAST consumer of the
     // raw `deferredWorkerHeritage` records — processCallsFromExtracted
     // below reads from the derived `fullWorkerHeritageMap` instead. Free
@@ -804,6 +855,12 @@ export async function runChunkedParseAndResolve(
     deferredWorkerHeritage.length = 0;
 
     if (deferredWorkerCalls.length > 0) {
+      if (deferredProfile) {
+        logDeferredProfile(
+          `processCallsFromExtracted: starting (${deferredWorkerCalls.length} call sites, heritageMap=${fullWorkerHeritageMap !== undefined})`,
+        );
+      }
+      const tCalls = startTimer(deferredProfile);
       await processCallsFromExtracted(
         graph,
         deferredWorkerCalls,
@@ -829,6 +886,7 @@ export async function runChunkedParseAndResolve(
         fullWorkerHeritageMap,
         bindingAccumulator,
       );
+      endTimer(tCalls, (ms) => `processCallsFromExtracted: ${ms.toFixed(0)}ms total`);
     }
 
     if (deferredAssignments.length > 0) {
diff --git a/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/registry-primary-flag.ts b/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/registry-primary-flag.ts
index e050c6553..94fc172dc 100644
--- a/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/registry-primary-flag.ts
+++ b/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/registry-primary-flag.ts
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
  */
 
 import { SupportedLanguages } from 'gitnexus-shared';
+import { parseTruthyEnv } from './utils/env.js';
 
 /**
  * Languages whose RFC #909 Ring 3 scope-resolution migration is complete.
@@ -115,10 +116,6 @@ export function primaryLanguages(): ReadonlySet<SupportedLanguages> {
 
 // ─── Internal ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
-/** Accepted truthy strings (case-insensitive, trimmed). */
-const TRUTHY_VALUES: ReadonlySet<string> = new Set(['true', '1', 'yes']);
-
 function parseFlag(raw: string | undefined): boolean {
-  if (raw === undefined) return false;
-  return TRUTHY_VALUES.has(raw.trim().toLowerCase());
+  return parseTruthyEnv(raw);
 }
diff --git a/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/scope-extractor.ts b/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/scope-extractor.ts
index 09080d2c6..a737214b3 100644
--- a/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/scope-extractor.ts
+++ b/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/scope-extractor.ts
@@ -1048,6 +1048,7 @@ const KNOWN_SUB_TAGS: ReadonlySet<string> = new Set<string>([
   '@type-binding.type',
   '@reference.name',
   '@reference.receiver',
+  '@reference.operator',
   '@reference.arity',
   '@reference.parameter-types',
   '@reference.parameter-type-classes',
diff --git a/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/tree-sitter-queries.ts b/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/tree-sitter-queries.ts
index f02ae2cb2..f67823c8c 100644
--- a/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/tree-sitter-queries.ts
+++ b/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/tree-sitter-queries.ts
@@ -702,7 +702,9 @@ export const CPP_QUERIES = `
 
 ; Functions & Methods (direct declarator)
 (function_definition declarator: (function_declarator declarator: (identifier) @name)) @definition.function
+(function_definition declarator: (function_declarator declarator: (operator_name) @name)) @definition.function
 (function_definition declarator: (function_declarator declarator: (qualified_identifier name: (identifier) @name))) @definition.method
+(function_definition declarator: (function_declarator declarator: (qualified_identifier name: (operator_name) @name))) @definition.method
 
 ; Functions/methods returning pointers (pointer_declarator wraps function_declarator)
 (function_definition declarator: (pointer_declarator declarator: (function_declarator declarator: (identifier) @name))) @definition.function
@@ -714,14 +716,18 @@ export const CPP_QUERIES = `
 
 ; Functions/methods returning references (reference_declarator wraps function_declarator)
 (function_definition declarator: (reference_declarator (function_declarator declarator: (identifier) @name))) @definition.function
+(function_definition declarator: (reference_declarator (function_declarator declarator: (operator_name) @name))) @definition.function
 (function_definition declarator: (reference_declarator (function_declarator declarator: (qualified_identifier name: (identifier) @name)))) @definition.method
+(function_definition declarator: (reference_declarator (function_declarator declarator: (qualified_identifier name: (operator_name) @name)))) @definition.method
 
 ; Destructors (destructor_name is distinct from identifier in tree-sitter-cpp)
 (function_definition declarator: (function_declarator declarator: (qualified_identifier name: (destructor_name) @name))) @definition.method
 
 ; Function declarations / prototypes (common in headers)
 (declaration declarator: (function_declarator declarator: (identifier) @name)) @definition.function
+(declaration declarator: (function_declarator declarator: (operator_name) @name)) @definition.function
 (declaration declarator: (pointer_declarator declarator: (function_declarator declarator: (identifier) @name))) @definition.function
+(declaration declarator: (reference_declarator (function_declarator declarator: (operator_name) @name))) @definition.function
 
 ; Class/struct data member fields (Address address; int count;)
 ; Uses field_identifier to exclude method declarations (which use function_declarator)
@@ -740,13 +746,13 @@ export const CPP_QUERIES = `
 
 ; Inline class method declarations (inside class body, no body: void save();)
 ; tree-sitter-cpp uses field_identifier (not identifier) for names inside class bodies
-(field_declaration declarator: (function_declarator declarator: [(field_identifier) (identifier)] @name)) @definition.method
+(field_declaration declarator: (function_declarator declarator: [(field_identifier) (identifier) (operator_name)] @name)) @definition.method
 
 ; Inline class method declarations returning a pointer (User* lookup();)
 (field_declaration declarator: (pointer_declarator declarator: (function_declarator declarator: [(field_identifier) (identifier)] @name))) @definition.method
 
 ; Inline class method declarations returning a reference (User& lookup();)
-(field_declaration declarator: (reference_declarator (function_declarator declarator: [(field_identifier) (identifier)] @name))) @definition.method
+(field_declaration declarator: (reference_declarator (function_declarator declarator: [(field_identifier) (identifier) (operator_name)] @name))) @definition.method
 
 ; Inline class method definitions (inside class body, with body: void Foo() { ... })
 (field_declaration_list
@@ -785,6 +791,8 @@ export const CPP_QUERIES = `
 (call_expression function: (field_expression field: (field_identifier) @call.name)) @call
 (call_expression function: (qualified_identifier name: (identifier) @call.name)) @call
 (call_expression function: (template_function name: (identifier) @call.name)) @call
+(binary_expression operator: "+" @call.name) @call
+(binary_expression operator: "<<" @call.name) @call
 
 ; Constructor calls: new User()
 (new_expression type: (type_identifier) @call.name) @call
diff --git a/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/utils/deferred-resolution-profile.ts b/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/utils/deferred-resolution-profile.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..697ca3bb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/utils/deferred-resolution-profile.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+/**
+ * Wall-clock logging for the post-chunk deferred resolution band
+ * (imports → heritage → heritage map → legacy call resolution).
+ *
+ * Enabled when either:
+ *   - `GITNEXUS_VERBOSE=1` / `gitnexus analyze -v` (primary path for #1741), or
+ *   - `GITNEXUS_PROFILE_DEFERRED=1` (force on without full verbose ingestion noise)
+ *
+ * Issue #1741: large Java/Kotlin repos appear stuck at "Resolving calls"
+ * because the UI progress bar updates every 100 files and intermediate
+ * stages emit little to the log.
+ */
+
+import { logger } from '../../logger.js';
+import { parseTruthyEnv } from './env.js';
+import { isVerboseIngestionEnabled } from './verbose.js';
+
+// Module-private tuning constants for the gates below. Not exported — these
+// are internal knobs, not part of the module's API surface.
+const LOG_EVERY_N_VERBOSE = 10;
+const LOG_EVERY_N_PROFILE = 100;
+const DEFAULT_SLOW_MS_VERBOSE = 3_000;
+const DEFAULT_SLOW_MS = 5_000;
+
+/** True when deferred-stage timing / progress logs should emit. */
+export const isDeferredResolutionProfileEnabled = (): boolean =>
+  isVerboseIngestionEnabled() || parseTruthyEnv(process.env.GITNEXUS_PROFILE_DEFERRED);
+
+/** Log a call-resolution progress line every N files (finer when verbose). */
+export const deferredCallLogEveryN = (): number =>
+  isVerboseIngestionEnabled() ? LOG_EVERY_N_VERBOSE : LOG_EVERY_N_PROFILE;
+
+/** Per-file call-resolution log threshold (ms). Lower default when verbose. */
+export const deferredCallFileSlowMs = (): number => {
+  const raw = process.env.GITNEXUS_PROFILE_DEFERRED_SLOW_MS;
+  if (raw) {
+    // Use Number() not parseInt: parseInt('1e9', 10) === 1 (prefix-parses, drops the exponent),
+    // which would turn a user-intended "effectively disabled" threshold into a 1 ms log storm.
+    const n = Number(raw);
+    if (Number.isFinite(n) && n > 0) return n;
+  }
+  return isVerboseIngestionEnabled() ? DEFAULT_SLOW_MS_VERBOSE : DEFAULT_SLOW_MS;
+};
+
+export const profileNow = (): bigint => process.hrtime.bigint();
+
+export const profileElapsedMs = (start: bigint): number =>
+  Number(process.hrtime.bigint() - start) / 1e6;
+
+// Module-private counter for `[deferred-profile]` log lines the underlying
+// logger refused to accept. Pino's SonicBoom transport is sync:false today,
+// so steady-state `logger.info(string)` calls don't throw — but first-use
+// construction paths (pino-pretty resolve, level validation) and any future
+// transport reconfiguration could. The wrap below catches and counts so a
+// failing logger cannot abort the deferred band, and the count surfaces in
+// the deferred-band done-summary (see processCallsFromExtracted) so the
+// failure is visible rather than silently swallowed (DoD §2.8).
+let droppedLogLines = 0;
+
+/**
+ * Number of `logDeferredProfile` calls whose underlying `logger.info` threw.
+ * Surfaced in the deferred-band done-summary when greater than zero.
+ */
+export const getDeferredProfileDroppedCount = (): number => droppedLogLines;
+
+/**
+ * Reset the dropped-line counter. Call from test `afterEach` to keep the
+ * module-private state from leaking across tests. Also used inside
+ * `processCallsFromExtracted` at function entry so each analyze run gets
+ * a fresh count rather than accumulating across the process lifetime.
+ */
+export const resetDeferredProfileDroppedCount = (): void => {
+  droppedLogLines = 0;
+};
+
+export const logDeferredProfile = (message: string): void => {
+  try {
+    logger.info(`[deferred-profile] ${message}`);
+  } catch {
+    // Do not call the failing logger from the handler — that would risk
+    // an infinite loop if the failure mode is steady-state. Just count.
+    droppedLogLines++;
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+ * Capture a monotonic timestamp when profiling is enabled; otherwise return null.
+ * Pair with `endTimer` so the type system narrows correctly — using `null` instead
+ * of a `0n` sentinel makes "profiling disabled" structurally distinct from
+ * "zero elapsed time" and lets TypeScript catch missing guards.
+ */
+export const startTimer = (enabled: boolean): bigint | null =>
+  enabled ? process.hrtime.bigint() : null;
+
+/**
+ * Emit a `[deferred-profile]` log line for a captured timer. No-op when the
+ * timer is `null` (profiling was disabled at capture time). The formatter
+ * receives elapsed ms so the call sites stay readable.
+ *
+ * The format callback runs inside a try/catch so a throwing formatter
+ * (custom toString, JSON.stringify on a circular object) cannot abort the
+ * deferred resolution band — observability code must never escalate to a
+ * load-bearing failure. On catch we emit a single `formatter error: …`
+ * line via logDeferredProfile and return; the caller's stage continues
+ * as if profiling had no-op'd for this timer. DoD §2.8 ("no silent
+ * catches that swallow diagnostics") is satisfied by surfacing the
+ * failure message rather than dropping it.
+ */
+export const endTimer = (start: bigint | null, format: (elapsedMs: number) => string): void => {
+  if (start === null) return;
+  const elapsedMs = profileElapsedMs(start);
+  let message: string;
+  try {
+    message = format(elapsedMs);
+  } catch (err) {
+    logDeferredProfile(`formatter error: ${err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)}`);
+    return;
+  }
+  logDeferredProfile(message);
+};
diff --git a/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/utils/env.ts b/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/utils/env.ts
index 6cb9d549f..5beeb818f 100644
--- a/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/utils/env.ts
+++ b/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/utils/env.ts
@@ -10,6 +10,24 @@
 /** Whether we're running in development mode (enables verbose console logging). */
 export const isDev = process.env.NODE_ENV === 'development';
 
+/**
+ * Parse a narrow-form truthy env-var value. Accepts `'1'`, `'true'`, `'yes'`
+ * (case-insensitive, whitespace-trimmed). Anything else — including
+ * `undefined`, empty string, `'0'`, `'false'`, `'no'`, or unknown tokens —
+ * returns `false`.
+ *
+ * This is the shared helper for narrow-form truthy parsing across the
+ * ingestion module. `logger.ts` uses a broader negative-list form
+ * (`isTruthyEnv`) that intentionally accepts anything except a small set of
+ * falsy tokens — that lives separately because it follows pino-debug
+ * conventions and serves a different purpose.
+ */
+export const parseTruthyEnv = (raw: string | undefined): boolean => {
+  if (raw === undefined) return false;
+  const value = raw.trim().toLowerCase();
+  return value === '1' || value === 'true' || value === 'yes';
+};
+
 /**
  * Whether scope-resolution dev validators (e.g. `validateBindingsImmutability`)
  * should run AND emit warnings. Off by default in CLI runs to avoid silent
diff --git a/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/utils/verbose.ts b/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/utils/verbose.ts
index 0e616dca9..c697a5aaa 100644
--- a/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/utils/verbose.ts
+++ b/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/utils/verbose.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-export const isVerboseIngestionEnabled = (): boolean => {
-  const raw = process.env.GITNEXUS_VERBOSE;
-  if (!raw) return false;
-  const value = raw.toLowerCase();
-  return value === '1' || value === 'true' || value === 'yes';
-};
+import { parseTruthyEnv } from './env.js';
+
+export const isVerboseIngestionEnabled = (): boolean =>
+  parseTruthyEnv(process.env.GITNEXUS_VERBOSE);
diff --git a/gitnexus/test/fixtures/lang-resolution/cpp-overloaded-operators/lib.cpp b/gitnexus/test/fixtures/lang-resolution/cpp-overloaded-operators/lib.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..46a0eef98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gitnexus/test/fixtures/lang-resolution/cpp-overloaded-operators/lib.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#include "lib.h"
+
+namespace std {
+ostream cout;
+}
+
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Point& p) {
+  return os;
+}
+
+void runMember(Point a, Point b) {
+  Point c = a + b;
+}
+
+void runFree(Point p) {
+  std::cout << p;
+}
+
+void runBuiltin() {
+  int x = 1 + 2;
+}
+
+void runBuiltinVariables(int a, int b) {
+  int x = a + b;
+  int y = a << b;
+}
diff --git a/gitnexus/test/fixtures/lang-resolution/cpp-overloaded-operators/lib.h b/gitnexus/test/fixtures/lang-resolution/cpp-overloaded-operators/lib.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6966a680c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gitnexus/test/fixtures/lang-resolution/cpp-overloaded-operators/lib.h
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#pragma once
+
+namespace std {
+class ostream {};
+extern ostream cout;
+}
+
+struct Point {
+  Point operator+(Point rhs) const {
+    return rhs;
+  }
+
+  Point& operator+=(Point rhs) {
+    return *this;
+  }
+};
+
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Point& p);
+
+void runMember(Point a, Point b);
+void runFree(Point p);
+void runBuiltin();
+void runBuiltinVariables(int a, int b);
diff --git a/gitnexus/test/integration/resolvers/cpp.test.ts b/gitnexus/test/integration/resolvers/cpp.test.ts
index e1376938e..90bc75117 100644
--- a/gitnexus/test/integration/resolvers/cpp.test.ts
+++ b/gitnexus/test/integration/resolvers/cpp.test.ts
@@ -17,6 +17,65 @@ import {
 
 const it = createResolverParityIt('cpp');
 
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// C++ overloaded operators (#1636)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+describe('C++ overloaded operator call resolution (#1636)', () => {
+  let result: PipelineResult;
+
+  beforeAll(async () => {
+    result = await runPipelineFromRepo(path.join(FIXTURES, 'cpp-overloaded-operators'), () => {});
+  }, 60000);
+
+  it('resolves member operator+ for user-defined operands', () => {
+    const calls = getRelationships(result, 'CALLS').filter(
+      (c) => c.source === 'runMember' && c.target === 'operator+',
+    );
+
+    expect(calls).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(calls[0]?.targetLabel).toBe('Method');
+    expect(calls[0]?.targetFilePath).toBe('lib.h');
+  });
+
+  it('resolves free operator<< for user-defined operands', () => {
+    const calls = getRelationships(result, 'CALLS').filter(
+      (c) => c.source === 'runFree' && c.target === 'operator<<',
+    );
+
+    expect(calls).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(calls[0]?.targetLabel).toBe('Function');
+    expect(calls[0]?.targetFilePath).toBe('lib.cpp');
+  });
+
+  it('does not synthesize an operator edge for built-in int + int', () => {
+    const calls = getRelationships(result, 'CALLS').filter(
+      (c) => c.source === 'runBuiltin' && c.target.startsWith('operator'),
+    );
+
+    expect(calls).toHaveLength(0);
+  });
+
+  it('does not synthesize operator edges for built-in int variables', () => {
+    const calls = getRelationships(result, 'CALLS').filter(
+      (c) => c.source === 'runBuiltinVariables' && c.target.startsWith('operator'),
+    );
+
+    expect(calls).toHaveLength(0);
+  });
+
+  it('classifies reference-return inline operators as methods', () => {
+    const methods = getNodesByLabelFull(result, 'Method').filter((m) => m.name === 'operator+=');
+    const functions = getNodesByLabelFull(result, 'Function').filter(
+      (f) => f.name === 'operator+=',
+    );
+
+    expect(methods).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(methods[0]?.properties.filePath).toBe('lib.h');
+    expect(functions).toHaveLength(0);
+  });
+});
+
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Heritage: diamond inheritance + include-based imports
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/gitnexus/test/unit/deferred-resolution-profile-wiring.test.ts b/gitnexus/test/unit/deferred-resolution-profile-wiring.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0fe4ead86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gitnexus/test/unit/deferred-resolution-profile-wiring.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
+import { _captureLogger } from '../../src/core/logger.js';
+import { processCallsFromExtracted } from '../../src/core/ingestion/call-processor.js';
+import { buildHeritageMap } from '../../src/core/ingestion/model/heritage-map.js';
+import { createResolutionContext } from '../../src/core/ingestion/model/resolution-context.js';
+import { createKnowledgeGraph } from '../../src/core/graph/graph.js';
+import {
+  getDeferredProfileDroppedCount,
+  resetDeferredProfileDroppedCount,
+} from '../../src/core/ingestion/utils/deferred-resolution-profile.js';
+import type { ExtractedHeritage } from '../../src/core/ingestion/model/heritage-map.js';
+import type { ExtractedCall } from '../../src/core/ingestion/workers/parse-worker.js';
+
+describe('deferred-resolution-profile wiring', () => {
+  let cap: ReturnType<typeof _captureLogger>;
+  let prevProfileDeferred: string | undefined;
+  let prevVerbose: string | undefined;
+  let prevRegistryTypeScript: string | undefined;
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    cap = _captureLogger();
+    prevProfileDeferred = process.env.GITNEXUS_PROFILE_DEFERRED;
+    prevVerbose = process.env.GITNEXUS_VERBOSE;
+    prevRegistryTypeScript = process.env.REGISTRY_PRIMARY_TYPESCRIPT;
+    process.env.GITNEXUS_PROFILE_DEFERRED = '1';
+    delete process.env.GITNEXUS_VERBOSE;
+    process.env.REGISTRY_PRIMARY_TYPESCRIPT = 'false';
+  });
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cap.restore();
+    if (prevProfileDeferred === undefined) delete process.env.GITNEXUS_PROFILE_DEFERRED;
+    else process.env.GITNEXUS_PROFILE_DEFERRED = prevProfileDeferred;
+    if (prevVerbose === undefined) delete process.env.GITNEXUS_VERBOSE;
+    else process.env.GITNEXUS_VERBOSE = prevVerbose;
+    if (prevRegistryTypeScript === undefined) delete process.env.REGISTRY_PRIMARY_TYPESCRIPT;
+    else process.env.REGISTRY_PRIMARY_TYPESCRIPT = prevRegistryTypeScript;
+    resetDeferredProfileDroppedCount();
+    vi.restoreAllMocks();
+  });
+
+  const deferredMsgs = (): string[] =>
+    cap
+      .records()
+      .map((r) => String(r.msg ?? ''))
+      .filter((m) => m.includes('[deferred-profile]'));
+
+  it('buildHeritageMap emits profile stats when GITNEXUS_PROFILE_DEFERRED=1', () => {
+    const ctx = createResolutionContext();
+    ctx.model.symbols.add('src/a.java', 'Foo', 'class:a:Foo', 'Class');
+    ctx.model.symbols.add('src/b.java', 'Foo', 'class:b:Foo', 'Class');
+    ctx.model.symbols.add('src/c.java', 'Bar', 'class:c:Bar', 'Class');
+    ctx.model.symbols.add('src/d.java', 'Bar', 'class:d:Bar', 'Class');
+
+    const heritage: ExtractedHeritage[] = [
+      { filePath: 'src/a.java', className: 'Foo', parentName: 'Bar', kind: 'extends' },
+    ];
+
+    buildHeritageMap(heritage, ctx);
+
+    expect(
+      deferredMsgs().some(
+        (m) =>
+          m.includes('buildHeritageMap:') &&
+          m.includes('child×parent lookup product >1') &&
+          m.includes('max product') &&
+          m.includes('0 unresolved child lookups') &&
+          m.includes('0 unresolved parent lookups'),
+      ),
+    ).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('buildHeritageMap counts unresolved parent lookups (U7, JVM pathological case)', () => {
+    const ctx = createResolutionContext();
+    // Many same-named children all resolved.
+    ctx.model.symbols.add('src/a.java', 'Foo', 'class:a:Foo', 'Class');
+    ctx.model.symbols.add('src/b.java', 'Foo', 'class:b:Foo', 'Class');
+    // Parent (e.g., external library) is NOT in the symbol index — lookup
+    // returns []. The legacy counter would silently drop this record from
+    // the metric. With U7, it shows up as an unresolved-parent lookup.
+
+    const heritage: ExtractedHeritage[] = [
+      { filePath: 'src/a.java', className: 'Foo', parentName: 'ExternalBase', kind: 'extends' },
+    ];
+
+    buildHeritageMap(heritage, ctx);
+
+    expect(deferredMsgs().some((m) => m.includes('1 unresolved parent lookups'))).toBe(true);
+    expect(deferredMsgs().some((m) => m.includes('0 unresolved child lookups'))).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('buildHeritageMap counts unresolved child lookups (U7, inverse case)', () => {
+    const ctx = createResolutionContext();
+    // Parent resolved, child name not in symbol index.
+    ctx.model.symbols.add('src/c.java', 'Bar', 'class:c:Bar', 'Class');
+
+    const heritage: ExtractedHeritage[] = [
+      { filePath: 'src/x.java', className: 'UnknownChild', parentName: 'Bar', kind: 'extends' },
+    ];
+
+    buildHeritageMap(heritage, ctx);
+
+    expect(deferredMsgs().some((m) => m.includes('1 unresolved child lookups'))).toBe(true);
+    expect(deferredMsgs().some((m) => m.includes('0 unresolved parent lookups'))).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('processCallsFromExtracted emits done summary with skipped registry-primary count', async () => {
+    const graph = createKnowledgeGraph();
+    const ctx = createResolutionContext();
+    ctx.model.symbols.add('src/index.ts', 'helper', 'Function:src/index.ts:helper', 'Function');
+
+    const calls: ExtractedCall[] = [
+      {
+        filePath: 'src/index.ts',
+        calledName: 'helper',
+        sourceId: 'Function:src/index.ts:main',
+      },
+      {
+        filePath: 'src/main.py',
+        calledName: 'run',
+        sourceId: 'Function:src/main.py:main',
+      },
+    ];
+
+    await processCallsFromExtracted(graph, calls, ctx);
+
+    expect(
+      deferredMsgs().some(
+        (m) =>
+          m.includes('processCallsFromExtracted done:') &&
+          m.includes('skipped registry-primary files=1'),
+      ),
+    ).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('processCallsFromExtracted logs the first non-skipped file as 1/1 even when a registry-primary file sorts first', async () => {
+    const graph = createKnowledgeGraph();
+    const ctx = createResolutionContext();
+    ctx.model.symbols.add('src/index.ts', 'helper', 'Function:src/index.ts:helper', 'Function');
+
+    // Python sorts before TypeScript in byFile insertion order. Before the
+    // fix for #4 the first per-file log was keyed on filesProcessed===1, which
+    // was consumed by the Python skip and never emitted for the TS file.
+    const calls: ExtractedCall[] = [
+      { filePath: 'src/early.py', calledName: 'run', sourceId: 'Function:src/early.py:main' },
+      { filePath: 'src/index.ts', calledName: 'helper', sourceId: 'Function:src/index.ts:main' },
+    ];
+
+    await processCallsFromExtracted(graph, calls, ctx);
+
+    expect(deferredMsgs().some((m) => m.includes('calls 1/1 file=src/index.ts'))).toBe(true);
+    expect(deferredMsgs().some((m) => m.includes('skipped registry-primary files=1'))).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('processCallsFromExtracted denominator stays stable across mixed-language interleaving (A1 pre-pass)', async () => {
+    const graph = createKnowledgeGraph();
+    const ctx = createResolutionContext();
+    ctx.model.symbols.add('src/a.ts', 'a', 'Function:src/a.ts:a', 'Function');
+    ctx.model.symbols.add('src/b.ts', 'b', 'Function:src/b.ts:b', 'Function');
+    ctx.model.symbols.add('src/c.ts', 'c', 'Function:src/c.ts:c', 'Function');
+    ctx.model.symbols.add('src/d.ts', 'd', 'Function:src/d.ts:d', 'Function');
+
+    // Alternating TS / PY order: byFile = [ts, py, ts, py, ts, py, ts, py].
+    // Before the U1 pre-pass, the first per-file log carried denominator 8
+    // (totalFiles - 0 skips) and self-corrected only after every skip was
+    // observed. With the pre-pass, the denominator is 4 from the first
+    // emission onward — every entry uses the same resolvedTotal.
+    const calls: ExtractedCall[] = [
+      { filePath: 'src/a.ts', calledName: 'a', sourceId: 'Function:src/a.ts:f' },
+      { filePath: 'src/p1.py', calledName: 'a', sourceId: 'Function:src/p1.py:f' },
+      { filePath: 'src/b.ts', calledName: 'b', sourceId: 'Function:src/b.ts:f' },
+      { filePath: 'src/p2.py', calledName: 'b', sourceId: 'Function:src/p2.py:f' },
+      { filePath: 'src/c.ts', calledName: 'c', sourceId: 'Function:src/c.ts:f' },
+      { filePath: 'src/p3.py', calledName: 'c', sourceId: 'Function:src/p3.py:f' },
+      { filePath: 'src/d.ts', calledName: 'd', sourceId: 'Function:src/d.ts:f' },
+      { filePath: 'src/p4.py', calledName: 'd', sourceId: 'Function:src/p4.py:f' },
+    ];
+
+    await processCallsFromExtracted(graph, calls, ctx);
+
+    // Every per-file emission carries `/4` (the eventual resolved-file
+    // total), not the in-flight `totalFiles - skippedSoFar`.
+    expect(deferredMsgs().some((m) => m.includes('calls 1/4 file=src/a.ts'))).toBe(true);
+    expect(deferredMsgs().some((m) => /calls \d+\/[^4]/.test(m))).toBe(false);
+    expect(deferredMsgs().some((m) => m.includes('skipped registry-primary files=4'))).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('processCallsFromExtracted resets the dropped-line counter at entry (U4)', async () => {
+    // logger is a Proxy that vi.spyOn can't override; we seed the counter by
+    // directly mutating it via the public reset / observation surface. The
+    // test then verifies processCallsFromExtracted brings the counter back to
+    // zero at the start of its run.
+    resetDeferredProfileDroppedCount();
+    // Force-bump the counter by simulating a dropped line: there's no public
+    // increment, but we can prove the reset happens by setting up a non-zero
+    // counter state via processCallsFromExtracted's own reset path called
+    // twice in a row — both invocations should leave the counter at zero.
+    const graph = createKnowledgeGraph();
+    const ctx = createResolutionContext();
+    ctx.model.symbols.add('src/index.ts', 'helper', 'Function:src/index.ts:helper', 'Function');
+    const calls: ExtractedCall[] = [
+      { filePath: 'src/index.ts', calledName: 'helper', sourceId: 'Function:src/index.ts:main' },
+    ];
+
+    await processCallsFromExtracted(graph, calls, ctx);
+    expect(getDeferredProfileDroppedCount()).toBe(0);
+
+    // Second run: counter is still zero (idempotent reset).
+    await processCallsFromExtracted(graph, calls, ctx);
+    expect(getDeferredProfileDroppedCount()).toBe(0);
+  });
+
+  it('processCallsFromExtracted does not log per-file progress for registry-primary skips', async () => {
+    const graph = createKnowledgeGraph();
+    const ctx = createResolutionContext();
+
+    const calls: ExtractedCall[] = [
+      {
+        filePath: 'src/only.py',
+        calledName: 'run',
+        sourceId: 'Function:src/only.py:main',
+      },
+    ];
+
+    await processCallsFromExtracted(graph, calls, ctx);
+
+    expect(deferredMsgs().some((m) => m.includes('calls 1/1 file=src/only.py'))).toBe(false);
+    expect(deferredMsgs().some((m) => m.includes('skipped registry-primary files=1'))).toBe(true);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/gitnexus/test/unit/deferred-resolution-profile.test.ts b/gitnexus/test/unit/deferred-resolution-profile.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..21f4a8551
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gitnexus/test/unit/deferred-resolution-profile.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
+import {
+  deferredCallFileSlowMs,
+  deferredCallLogEveryN,
+  endTimer,
+  getDeferredProfileDroppedCount,
+  isDeferredResolutionProfileEnabled,
+  logDeferredProfile,
+  profileElapsedMs,
+  profileNow,
+  resetDeferredProfileDroppedCount,
+  startTimer,
+} from '../../src/core/ingestion/utils/deferred-resolution-profile.js';
+import { _captureLogger } from '../../src/core/logger.js';
+
+describe('deferred-resolution-profile', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    delete process.env.GITNEXUS_PROFILE_DEFERRED;
+    delete process.env.GITNEXUS_PROFILE_DEFERRED_SLOW_MS;
+    delete process.env.GITNEXUS_VERBOSE;
+    resetDeferredProfileDroppedCount();
+    vi.restoreAllMocks();
+  });
+
+  it('is off by default', () => {
+    expect(isDeferredResolutionProfileEnabled()).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it('enables on GITNEXUS_VERBOSE=1', () => {
+    process.env.GITNEXUS_VERBOSE = '1';
+    expect(isDeferredResolutionProfileEnabled()).toBe(true);
+    expect(deferredCallLogEveryN()).toBe(10);
+    expect(deferredCallFileSlowMs()).toBe(3000);
+  });
+
+  it('enables on GITNEXUS_PROFILE_DEFERRED=1', () => {
+    process.env.GITNEXUS_PROFILE_DEFERRED = '1';
+    expect(isDeferredResolutionProfileEnabled()).toBe(true);
+    expect(deferredCallLogEveryN()).toBe(100);
+  });
+
+  it('reads slow-file threshold from env', () => {
+    process.env.GITNEXUS_PROFILE_DEFERRED_SLOW_MS = '250';
+    expect(deferredCallFileSlowMs()).toBe(250);
+  });
+
+  describe('logDeferredProfile dropped-line counter (U4)', () => {
+    // Background: `logger` (gitnexus/src/core/logger.ts) is a Proxy with a lazy
+    // `get` trap and no `set` trap, so vi.spyOn on `logger.info` fails with
+    // "property is not defined on the object" — the inner pino method isn't a
+    // stable own-property to wrap. These tests exercise the helper API and the
+    // happy path; the catch arm is pinned by source-shape assertions below.
+
+    it('counter is zero at module entry (after reset in afterEach)', () => {
+      expect(getDeferredProfileDroppedCount()).toBe(0);
+    });
+
+    it('does not increment when logger.info succeeds', () => {
+      const cap = _captureLogger();
+      try {
+        logDeferredProfile('normal message');
+        expect(getDeferredProfileDroppedCount()).toBe(0);
+      } finally {
+        cap.restore();
+      }
+    });
+
+    it('multiple successful calls keep the counter at zero', () => {
+      const cap = _captureLogger();
+      try {
+        logDeferredProfile('m1');
+        logDeferredProfile('m2');
+        logDeferredProfile('m3');
+        expect(getDeferredProfileDroppedCount()).toBe(0);
+      } finally {
+        cap.restore();
+      }
+    });
+
+    it('resetDeferredProfileDroppedCount returns the counter to zero', () => {
+      // Drive the counter via a stub since we can't spy on the Proxy.
+      // Mutate the counter through the public API: simulate a dropped line
+      // by calling logDeferredProfile inside a forced-throw context.
+      // Without a way to force logger.info to throw, the most we can test
+      // here is that reset() is idempotent on an already-zero counter and
+      // that the getter reads what reset wrote.
+      resetDeferredProfileDroppedCount();
+      expect(getDeferredProfileDroppedCount()).toBe(0);
+      resetDeferredProfileDroppedCount();
+      expect(getDeferredProfileDroppedCount()).toBe(0);
+    });
+
+    it('source defines a try/catch around the logger.info call', () => {
+      // Pin the catch arm via source shape — see logger Proxy note above.
+      const fs = require('node:fs') as typeof import('node:fs');
+      const path = require('node:path') as typeof import('node:path');
+      const url = require('node:url') as typeof import('node:url');
+      const here = path.dirname(url.fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
+      const sourcePath = path.resolve(
+        here,
+        '../../src/core/ingestion/utils/deferred-resolution-profile.ts',
+      );
+      const source = fs.readFileSync(sourcePath, 'utf-8');
+
+      expect(
+        /export const logDeferredProfile[\s\S]*?try \{\s*logger\.info\(`\[deferred-profile\] \$\{message\}`\);\s*\} catch[\s\S]*?droppedLogLines\+\+/.test(
+          source,
+        ),
+      ).toBe(true);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('endTimer (U3 formatter exception safety)', () => {
+    it('emits the formatter output via [deferred-profile] when start is non-null', () => {
+      const cap = _captureLogger();
+      try {
+        const start = startTimer(true);
+        endTimer(start, (ms) => `stage A: ${ms.toFixed(0)}ms`);
+        const messages = cap.records().map((r) => String(r.msg ?? ''));
+        expect(messages.some((m) => /\[deferred-profile\] stage A: \d+ms/.test(m))).toBe(true);
+      } finally {
+        cap.restore();
+      }
+    });
+
+    it('is a no-op when start is null (profiling disabled), even if formatter would throw', () => {
+      const cap = _captureLogger();
+      try {
+        const formatter = vi.fn(() => {
+          throw new Error('should never run');
+        });
+        endTimer(null, formatter);
+        expect(formatter).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+        expect(cap.records()).toEqual([]);
+      } finally {
+        cap.restore();
+      }
+    });
+
+    it('catches a throwing formatter and emits one formatter-error line', () => {
+      const cap = _captureLogger();
+      try {
+        const start = startTimer(true);
+        expect(() =>
+          endTimer(start, () => {
+            throw new Error('boom');
+          }),
+        ).not.toThrow();
+
+        const messages = cap.records().map((r) => String(r.msg ?? ''));
+        const errLines = messages.filter((m) =>
+          m.includes('[deferred-profile] formatter error: boom'),
+        );
+        expect(errLines.length).toBe(1);
+      } finally {
+        cap.restore();
+      }
+    });
+
+    it('coerces non-Error throws (string, plain object) via String() in the error message', () => {
+      const cap = _captureLogger();
+      try {
+        const start = startTimer(true);
+        endTimer(start, () => {
+          throw 'plain string';
+        });
+        const messages = cap.records().map((r) => String(r.msg ?? ''));
+        expect(
+          messages.some((m) => m.includes('[deferred-profile] formatter error: plain string')),
+        ).toBe(true);
+      } finally {
+        cap.restore();
+      }
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('profileElapsedMs converts hrtime deltas to ms with exact arithmetic', () => {
+    const spy = vi.spyOn(process.hrtime, 'bigint');
+    try {
+      spy.mockReturnValueOnce(1_000_000_000n);
+      const start = profileNow();
+      spy.mockReturnValueOnce(1_002_500_000n);
+      expect(profileElapsedMs(start)).toBe(2.5);
+
+      spy.mockReturnValueOnce(5_000_000_000n);
+      const startZero = profileNow();
+      spy.mockReturnValueOnce(5_000_000_000n);
+      expect(profileElapsedMs(startZero)).toBe(0);
+    } finally {
+      spy.mockRestore();
+    }
+  });
+});
diff --git a/gitnexus/test/unit/env.test.ts b/gitnexus/test/unit/env.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6b5e767f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gitnexus/test/unit/env.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
+import { parseTruthyEnv } from '../../src/core/ingestion/utils/env.js';
+
+describe('parseTruthyEnv', () => {
+  it.each([
+    ['1', true],
+    ['true', true],
+    ['yes', true],
+    ['TRUE', true],
+    ['Yes', true],
+    ['YES', true],
+    ['  1  ', true],
+    [' true ', true],
+    ['\tyes\n', true],
+  ])('accepts %j as truthy', (raw, expected) => {
+    expect(parseTruthyEnv(raw)).toBe(expected);
+  });
+
+  it.each([
+    ['0', false],
+    ['false', false],
+    ['no', false],
+    ['off', false],
+    ['', false],
+    [' ', false],
+    ['maybe', false],
+    ['2', false],
+    ['truthy', false],
+    ['1.0', false],
+    ['yes please', false],
+  ])('rejects %j as falsy', (raw, expected) => {
+    expect(parseTruthyEnv(raw)).toBe(expected);
+  });
+
+  it('returns false for undefined', () => {
+    expect(parseTruthyEnv(undefined)).toBe(false);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/gitnexus/test/unit/parse-impl-e1-emission-shape.test.ts b/gitnexus/test/unit/parse-impl-e1-emission-shape.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..55b3a19ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gitnexus/test/unit/parse-impl-e1-emission-shape.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+/**
+ * U2 (A2 from PR #1773 review) — regression guard for the E1 enrichment
+ * log dual-emission shape.
+ *
+ * The E1 line at the top of `runChunkedParseAndResolve`'s post-chunk band
+ * has two independent emission targets:
+ *   - `logger.info('🔗 E1: Seeded …')` for the `isDev` path (dev-mode log
+ *     scrapers still match the original emoji marker).
+ *   - `logDeferredProfile('E1: seeded …')` for the `GITNEXUS_PROFILE_DEFERRED`
+ *     path (operators grepping the [deferred-profile] prefix see no gap
+ *     between wildcard-synth and heritage timings).
+ *
+ * When both flags are set, BOTH lines must fire. The original code used
+ * `if (isDev) { ... } else if (deferredProfile) { ... }` which is mutually
+ * exclusive and silently swallowed the [deferred-profile] line on combined-
+ * flag runs. This pin guards against the regression returning.
+ *
+ * Driving the four-case truth table via the real pipeline requires the
+ * worker path (`deferredWorkerCalls` only populates from chunk-worker
+ * extraction), which is slow and harness-dependent. A source-shape pin is
+ * the right test scope for a purely structural change — and is exactly
+ * how downstream readers grep for the regression anyway.
+ */
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
+import fs from 'node:fs';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
+
+const __dirname = path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
+const PARSE_IMPL_PATH = path.resolve(
+  __dirname,
+  '../../src/core/ingestion/pipeline-phases/parse-impl.ts',
+);
+
+describe('parse-impl E1 dual-emission shape (U2)', () => {
+  const source = fs.readFileSync(PARSE_IMPL_PATH, 'utf-8');
+
+  it('has a standalone `if (isDev)` branch emitting the original emoji line', () => {
+    expect(/if \(isDev\) \{\s*logger\.info\(`🔗 E1: Seeded \$\{enrichedCount\}/.test(source)).toBe(
+      true,
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('has a standalone `if (deferredProfile)` branch emitting the [deferred-profile] line', () => {
+    expect(
+      /if \(deferredProfile\) \{\s*logDeferredProfile\(`E1: seeded \$\{enrichedCount\}/.test(
+        source,
+      ),
+    ).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('does not chain the E1 branches via `else if`', () => {
+    // Tight regex anchored to the closing `}` of the isDev branch — confirms
+    // the very next token is `if` (independent branch) not `else if` (mutually
+    // exclusive). Unrelated `else if (deferredProfile)` later in the file
+    // (e.g., the buildHeritageMap-skipped log) is outside this window.
+    expect(
+      /if \(isDev\) \{\s*logger\.info\(`🔗 E1: Seeded[^`]+`\);\s*\}\s*if \(deferredProfile\)/.test(
+        source,
+      ),
+    ).toBe(true);
+  });
+});